Anatomy And Physiology Lecture 2

The two major organs of the CNS include the______ in the cranial cavity and the _______ in the spinal cavity

The brain and spinal cord are covered by a triple-layered set of fibrous connective tissue membranes, called the:

Description of dura mater

Description of pia mater

Description of arachnoid mater

The primary purpose of these connective tissue membranes is _____________of the brain and spinal cord.

This space between the arachnoid and pia mater is called the ____________ space, it contains ______________

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by capillary tufts called:

Structures that are responsible for reabsorption of CSF back into the blood are known as:

List the functions of CSF.

a fiber/tract that connects different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere

a fiber/tract that connects corresponding parts of both cerebral hemispheres

the outer layer of an organ just as the brain or kidney

a place where fibers or pathways cross

a wider and often deeper groove on the outer surface of the CNS

collection of nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers within the CNS

a ridge on the outer surface of the CNS

collection of cell bodies in the CNS

a fiber/tract that extends vertically between different levels of CNS

a narrow, shallow groove on the outer surface of the CNS

a bundle of myelinated fibers that are all functionally related

myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts within the CNS

For each of the following CNS structures, determine whether they are composed mostly of gray matter or white matter

thalamus

For each of the following CNS structures, determine whether they are composed mostly of gray matter or white matter

posterior horn

For each of the following CNS structures, determine whether they are composed mostly of gray matter or white matter

anterior column/funiculus

For each of the following CNS structures, determine whether they are composed mostly of gray matter or white matter

cerebral cortex

For each of the following CNS structures, determine whether they are composed mostly of gray matter or white matter

corpus callosum

For each of the following CNS structures, determine whether they are composed mostly of gray matter or white matter

basal nuclei

For each of the following CNS structures, determine whether they are composed mostly of gray matter or white matter

arbor vitae

separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

separates the temporal lobe from the frontal/parietal lobe

divides the two cerebral hemispheres

posterior margin of the frontal lobe

anterior margin of the parietal lobe

separates the occipital lobe from the cerebellum

part of spinal cord white matter that carries sensory information

cerebral gray matter that smoothes/steadies voluntary movements

second largest part of brain; balance, posture & coordination

commissural tract connecting right and left cerebral hemispheres

part of spinal cord white matter that carries motor information

where nerve cell bodies of sensory neurons of the PNS reside

part of brain most involved with logic and higher thought

regulates endocrine system and many homeostatic functions

controls cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor, and basic reflexes

superior brainstem that contains visual and auditory reflex centers

contains the primary visual cortex

primary somatomotor region

interconnects different parts of brain; also has respiratory centers

part of brain where we perceive cutaneous sensations

part of brain where loudness, pitch, and sounds are perceived

the major “sensory relay station” of the brain

carries motor impulses away from the CNS

Neurons communicate with other neurons and stimulates effector cells which includes both ____________ and __________

receptive region of neuron, receives signal from other neurons

receptive and integrative region of neuron, main nutritional and metabolic area

conductive region of a neuron, generates and action potential

Signals from other neurons are received at junctions called _________________, located primarily on the _________________ and _______________, , the receptive and integrative regions of the neuron.

The area where the axon emerges from the soma is called the ______________. This is also the area where the outgoing signal, called a/an_____________ is generated

What neuroglia type forms the myelin sheath in the PNS?

Myelin is found around which part of the neuron?

The tightly wound cell membrane around the axon forms the myelin sheath and acts as

The gaps between the Schwann cells, called the:

What are essential for the conduction of the action potential.

The most common central nervous system neuron (structurally) is called a/an _________ neuron.

Neurons have (only one or many) axon/axons.

Axons are (never or frequently) branched at their terminal end.

Dendrites have (only one or many) branch/branches.

Channels can be classified as either gated or leak channels. A sodium channel that is always open would be classified as a/an_______ channel.

Sodium ions move (into or out of) the neuron through these channels.

List the 6 different types of neuroglia and indicate whether thy are part of the central nervous system (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Excitable cells, like neurons, are more permeable to ______________than to ________ at rest.

Would an increase in the number of passive K+ channels increase or decrease the membrane permeability to K+?

Would opening of voltage-gated K+ channels increase or decrease the membrane permeability to K+?

Would closing the voltage-gated K+ channels increase or decrease the membrane permeability to K+?

What acts as a chemical force that pushes K+ out of the cell?

What force tends to pull K+ back into the cell?

In an excitable cell, also permeable to Na+, the electrochemical gradient would both tend to move Na+ (into or out of) the cell.

What compensates for the movement (leakage) of Na+ and K+ ions?

The action potential changes the membrane potential from ______ mV (resting) to ______ mV and back again to the resting membrane potential.

This results from a change in membrane permeability first to _________ and then to ________ due to the opening of what type of ion channels?

What area of the neuron contains the trigger zone, where the action potential is generated?

What areas of the neuron generate signals that open these voltage-gated channels?

Opening of these channels causes the membrane to (voltage change).

If the membrane reaches the trigger point, known as ___________, what electrical potential will be generated?

What are the two processes that stop the potential from rising above +30 mV?

The opening of voltage-gated K+ channels causes the membrane to

Does K+ move into or out of the cell?

If the membrane potential becomes more negative than –70 mV, this is called

After an action potential, the neuron cannot generate another action potential because ____________ channels are inactive. This period is called the __________ period.

During the ___________ period, the cell can generate another action potential but only if the membrane is (more or less) depolarized.

Conduction velocity along the axon is increased by what two characteristics?

Conduction along a myelinated axon is called __________ conduction.

When many nerve impulses arrive in rapid succession at the synapse between a single stimulatory presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron, this situation is known as:

When nerve impulses from several presynaptic neurons stimulate a single postsynaptic neuron at the same time it is called:

Sequence of events in terms of what happens at a synapse:

What are functions of astrocytes?

Which of the following describes the nervous system sensory function?

Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons?

Which of the choices below describes the ANS?

Oligodendrocytes are functionally similar to:

A neuron that carries impulses away from the CNS to effector organs is an:

The resting membrane potential is generated by: (select all that apply)

At rest the plasma membrane is more permeable to:

When the interior of the cell becomes more negative, decreasing the chance of producing a nerve impulse it is called:

Which ion channel opens in response to a change in the membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials?

Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open?

Collections of nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system are called:

Which of the following is false or incorrect?

An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than the threshold

A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane

Saltatory conduction is made possible by:

What structure is specialized for release and reception of neurotransmitters? Electrical synapse

What type of membrane potential is generated at the synapse on the postsynaptic membrane?

When a postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of terminals at the same time this results in:

The time period when a neuron cannot respond to another stimulus is the:

A ridge on the surface of the cortex is called a:

Which functional area of the cerebral cortex receives general sensory information from the skin and proprioceptors?

Which white matter tracts connect the adjacent areas of the cerebral cortex in the same hemisphere?

What structure is described as the main entrance to the cerebral cortex?

The connective tissue membranes that cover and protect the central nervous system include:

Which of the following is not a function of the CSF?

initiation of some nerve impulses

reduction of brain weight

protection from blows

True/False The adult spinal cord ends between L1 and L2.

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________.

Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over from one side of the body to the other, this is called:

Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers are located in the:

After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by:

True or False? Posterior and anterior rami are similar in that they both contain sensory and motor fibers.

Reflexes that result from practice or repetition are called:

What connective tissue sheath surrounds the fascicle of a nerve?

A major nerve of the sacral plexus is the:

Which of the following does not describe the ANS?

-a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

-general visceral motor system

-a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells

Promoting maintenance activities and conserving body energy is the role of the:

Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebra?

Cardiovascular effects of the sympathetic division include all except ________.

-dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera

-constriction of most blood vessels

-increase of heart rate and force

Which of the following statements is not true?

-Sympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers.

-Sympathetic ganglia are within a few centimeters of the CNS; parasympathetic are close to visceral organs served.

-Sympathetic origin is craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar.

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ in all of the following except ________.

-their effectors

-all of the neurotransmitters

-their efferent pathways

Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic chain without synapsing form structures called ________.

Visceral reflex arcs differ from somatic in that ________.

In the parasympathetic nervous system preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic fibers in:

True or false: The rami communicantes are associated only with the sympathetic division of the ANS.

True or false: Acetylcholine-releasing fibers are called cholinergic fibers.

True or false: The autonomic nervous system may cause activation or inhibition, depending on the division that is active and the target that is affected.

A nerve represents the ______ level of biological organization (organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism) because virtually all nerves contain all four major types of tissues.

Depending upon its size, a nerve may contain hundreds to tens of thousands of____, plus an even greater number of ________ cells (a type of neuroglia which myelinate axons in the PNS)

The connective tissue of a nerve is arranged much like the connective tissue membranes of whole muscle; that is, the entire nerve is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue membrane called the

each nerve fascicle within the nerve is surrounded by a(n)

individual nerve fibers and their myelin sheaths are surrounded by the

If nervous tissue should become damaged, the amount of repair and regeneration is quite limited, especially for neurons in the ___________.

When injury to the neuron occurs at or close to the ______, the entire cell may die and never regenerate.

Because the distal portion of the axon is now isolated from the sustaining nerve cell body, the distal end of the axon and its myelin sheath consisting of Schwann cells continue to degenerate, but the cell membrane of the axon and endoneurium generally remain intact. The cellular debris is cleared from the area by

Together, the surviving neurilemma and endoneurium with their newly associated myelin sheath become a __________ tube that guides axonal "sprouts" across the injury and towards their site of original contact.

Humans have a total of _________ pairs of spinal nerves that emerge from the spinal cord and between adjacent vertebrae.

Number of cervical nerve pairs

Number of thoracic nerve pairs

Number of lumbar nerve pairs

Number of sacral nerve pairs

Number of coccygeal nerve pairs

Cervical spinal nerves are named for their emergence (above or below) their repective vertebrae (except for C8), while all others are named for their emergence (above or below) their respective vertebrae

Each spinal nerve has a sensory _____ root and motor_______ root

The posterior (dorsal) root has a __________________, which is an enlargememnt where the nerve cell bodies of its neurons reside.

A short distance from the foramen, the spinal nerve quickly branches to form a ________________, which serves muscles and skin on the back, and a considerable larger _____________.

Sets of anterior rami in certain regions along the spinal cord merge partially together as their nerve fibers crisscross and form a _______

The ventral rami of C1 through C4 merge to form the ________ plexus.

The cervical plexus gives rise to the ______ nerve which extends down the neck and thorax to innervate the diaphragm

The ventral rami of C5 through C8 and T1 merge to form the _____ plexus.

Which major nerves branch out from the brachial plexus

The ______ plexus is formed by a small contribution of fibers from the ventral ramus of T12, bot mostly from L1 through L4.

The largest peripheral nerves to emerge from the lumbar plexus, which innervates anterior and medial parts of the thigh, leg, and foot

The ______ plexus is formed partly by fibers from the ventral ramus of L4, but especially the ventral rami of L5 and S1 through S4.

The major peripheral nerve that emerges from the sacral plexus

Largest nerve in the human body, innervating lateral and posterior thigh, leg, and foot muscles and sensory structures

a part of a reflex arc that occurs entirely within the CNS

part of a reflex arc that is stimulated by some stimulus

a muscle or gland's function in reflexes

reflex activity on the same side of the body as the stimulus

a reflex arc that lacks an interneuron

reflex activity on the opposite side of the body from the stimulus

a simple, rapid, and involuntary/automatic response to a stimulus

the neuron that sends an impulse to a gland or muscle

the sensory neuron in a reflex arc

The motor pathways that innervate smooth or cardiac muscle are known as visceral efferent pathways (collectively, these pathways represent the ___________nervous system.)

Virtually all motor pathways of the autonomic nervous system consist of how many motor neurons?

Name the 2 motor neurons

Generally preganglionic fibers are myelinated and release______ as their neurotransmitter (preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways)

Postganglionic fibers are unmyelinated and release either _____ in the case of parasympathetic postganglionic fibers, or ______, in the case of sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

Nerve cell bodies of preganglionic fibers are located in__________________

Nerve cell bodies of postganglionic fibers are located in a(n) ________ located somewhere along the motor pathway

general name for an enlargement of a nerve where many nerve cell bodies reside

Two divisions of the autonomic nervous system include the _______ nervous system and the _________ division

rest and digest division of autonomic nervous system

fight or flight division of autonomic nervous system

The __________ division is also known as the thoraco-lumbar division because it is formed by efferent fiber from thoracic (T1 through T12) and upper lumbar (L1 and L2) spinal nerves

The ________ division is known as the cranio-sacral division because it is formed mostly by cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X, but also S2 throuh S4 spinal nerves