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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the smallest structural and functional living unit..
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The cell
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what perform different functions based on genetic coding & genes being turned off during differentiation
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Cells of different organisms & different cells of the same organism
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Plasma (or cell) membrane
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flexible outer boundary -- determines what enters & leaves the cell.
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What Continuity of life has a cellular basis
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– sperm
cells and egg cells. |
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Cytoplasm—
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intracellular fluid containing cytosol, organelles & inclusions (between membrane & nucleus)
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Nucleus
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Control center
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Plasma Membrane
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Plays a dynamic role in cellular activity
Separates intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF) Determines what enters & leaves the cell |
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Integral proteins
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Firmly inserted into the membrane (most are transmembrane)
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functions of membrane protiens
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1.Transport proteins (channels and carriers)
2. Enzymes 3. Receptors |
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what is the most important it membrane protiens
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Maybe most significant -- transport, receptors, enzymes & joining
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Membrane junctions
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Three types:
Tight junction Desmosome Gap junction |
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Membrane transport
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Plasma membranes are selectively permeable
Some molecules easily pass through the membrane; others do not |
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Types of membrane transport
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Passive processes
No cellular energy (ATP) required Substance moves down its concentration gradient Active processes Energy (ATP) required Occurs only in living cell membranes Substance may move up gradient. |
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What determines whether or not a substance can passively pass through a membrane?
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Lipid solubility of substance
Channels of appropriate size Carrier proteins |
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Passive process
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Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion Osmosis |
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Transmembrane integral proteins
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transport specific polar molecules (e.g., sugars and amino acids)
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Certain lipophobic molecules
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(e.g., glucose, amino acids, and ions) use carrier proteins or channel proteins, both of which:
Exhibit specificity (selectivity) |
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Osmolarity:
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The measure of total concentration of solute particles in water
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Isotonic
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: Solutions with the same solute concentration
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Hypertonic
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A solution having greater solute concentration than another
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Hypotonic
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A solution having lesser solute concentration than another
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Two types of active processes
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Active transport
Vesicular transport Both use ATP to move solutes across a living plasma membrane |
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THREE MAIN THINGS TO KNOW ---
(active transport) |
. REQUIRES A CARRIER PROTEIN
2. REQUIRES ENERGY IN FORM OF ATP 3. CAN MOVE MATERIAL UP A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT |
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Cotransport
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transports more than one substance at a time
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Symport system:
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Two substances transported in same direction (Na & Cl) (positive & negative)
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Antiport system:
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Two substances transported in opposite directions (Na & K)(positive & positive)
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Vesicular transport
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Transport of large particles, macromolecules, and fluids across plasma membranes
Requires ATP |
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Functions of vesicular transport
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Exocytosis—transport out of cell
Endocytosis—transport into cell Transcytosis—transport into, across, and then out of cell |
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Phagocytosis—
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(cellular eating) pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into cell’s interior
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Pinocytosis
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(cellular drinking) —plasma membrane infolds, bringing extracellular fluid and solutes into interior of the cell
Most cells do this |
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Contact signaling—
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touching and recognition of cells;
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chemical signaling
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interaction between receptors and ligands (neurotransmitters, hormones and paracrines) to alter activity of cell proteins (e.g., enzymes or chemically gated ion channels)
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G protein–linked receptor
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ligand binding activates a G protein, affecting an ion channel or enzyme or causing the release of an internal second messenger, such as cyclic AMP
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Cytoplasm is where?
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Located between plasma membrane and nucleus
Cytosol |
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Mitochondria
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Double-membrane structure with shelflike cristae
Provide most of cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration Contain their own DNA and RNA |
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Ribosomes
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Granules of rRNA
Site of protein synthesis Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for local use. |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Interconnected tubes and membranes
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Lysosomes
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Membranous bags containing digestive enzymes
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Endomembrane system
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Produce, store, and export biological molecules
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Peroxisomes
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Membranous sacs containing enzymes
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Intermediate Filaments
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Tough protein fibers
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Microtubules
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Dynamic hollow tubes
Most radiate from centrosome to make spindle |
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Microvilli
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Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane
Increase surface area for absorption Core of actin filaments for stiffening |
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Nucleus
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Genetic library with blueprints for cellular proteins
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Nuclear membrane
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Double-membrane barrier containing pores
Is continuous with rough ER and bears ribosomes Maintains shape of nucleus |
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Chromatin
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Threadlike strands of DNA (also some protein)
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Cell cycle
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Defines changes from formation of the cell until it reproduces
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Interphase
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Period from cell formation to cell division
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DNA replication
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Each nucleotide strand serves as a template for building a new complementary strand
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Cytokinesis—
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division of cytoplasm by cleavage furrow
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Intermediate Filaments
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Tough protein fibers
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Intermediate Filaments
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Tough protein fibers
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Microtubules
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Dynamic hollow tubes
Most radiate from centrosome to make spindle |
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Microvilli
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Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane
Increase surface area for absorption Core of actin filaments for stiffening |
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Nucleus
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Genetic library with blueprints for cellular proteins
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Microtubules
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Dynamic hollow tubes
Most radiate from centrosome to make spindle |
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Nuclear membrane
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Double-membrane barrier containing pores
Is continuous with rough ER and bears ribosomes Maintains shape of nucleus |
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Intermediate Filaments
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Tough protein fibers
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Intermediate Filaments
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Tough protein fibers
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Intermediate Filaments
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Tough protein fibers
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Intermediate Filaments
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Tough protein fibers
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Microvilli
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Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane
Increase surface area for absorption Core of actin filaments for stiffening |
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Microtubules
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Dynamic hollow tubes
Most radiate from centrosome to make spindle |
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Chromatin
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Threadlike strands of DNA (also some protein)
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Nucleus
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Genetic library with blueprints for cellular proteins
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Cell cycle
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Defines changes from formation of the cell until it reproduces
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Microtubules
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Dynamic hollow tubes
Most radiate from centrosome to make spindle |
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Microvilli
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Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane
Increase surface area for absorption Core of actin filaments for stiffening |
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Microtubules
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Dynamic hollow tubes
Most radiate from centrosome to make spindle |
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Microtubules
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Dynamic hollow tubes
Most radiate from centrosome to make spindle |
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Nuclear membrane
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Double-membrane barrier containing pores
Is continuous with rough ER and bears ribosomes Maintains shape of nucleus |
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Intermediate Filaments
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Tough protein fibers
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Intermediate Filaments
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Tough protein fibers
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Intermediate Filaments
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Tough protein fibers
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Microvilli
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Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane
Increase surface area for absorption Core of actin filaments for stiffening |
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Interphase
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Period from cell formation to cell division
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Chromatin
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Threadlike strands of DNA (also some protein)
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Microvilli
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Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane
Increase surface area for absorption Core of actin filaments for stiffening |
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Microvilli
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Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane
Increase surface area for absorption Core of actin filaments for stiffening |
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Nucleus
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Genetic library with blueprints for cellular proteins
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Microtubules
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Dynamic hollow tubes
Most radiate from centrosome to make spindle |
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Microtubules
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Dynamic hollow tubes
Most radiate from centrosome to make spindle |
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Microtubules
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Dynamic hollow tubes
Most radiate from centrosome to make spindle |
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Nucleus
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Genetic library with blueprints for cellular proteins
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Microvilli
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Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane
Increase surface area for absorption Core of actin filaments for stiffening |
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Nucleus
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Genetic library with blueprints for cellular proteins
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Microvilli
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Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane
Increase surface area for absorption Core of actin filaments for stiffening |
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Nucleus
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Genetic library with blueprints for cellular proteins
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Nuclear membrane
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Double-membrane barrier containing pores
Is continuous with rough ER and bears ribosomes Maintains shape of nucleus |
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DNA replication
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Each nucleotide strand serves as a template for building a new complementary strand
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Cell cycle
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Defines changes from formation of the cell until it reproduces
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Microvilli
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Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane
Increase surface area for absorption Core of actin filaments for stiffening |
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Nuclear membrane
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Double-membrane barrier containing pores
Is continuous with rough ER and bears ribosomes Maintains shape of nucleus |
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Nuclear membrane
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Double-membrane barrier containing pores
Is continuous with rough ER and bears ribosomes Maintains shape of nucleus |
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Nucleus
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Genetic library with blueprints for cellular proteins
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Nuclear membrane
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Double-membrane barrier containing pores
Is continuous with rough ER and bears ribosomes Maintains shape of nucleus |
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Chromatin
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Threadlike strands of DNA (also some protein)
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Nucleus
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Genetic library with blueprints for cellular proteins
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Cytokinesis—
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division of cytoplasm by cleavage furrow
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Chromatin
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Threadlike strands of DNA (also some protein)
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Nucleus
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Genetic library with blueprints for cellular proteins
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Interphase
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Period from cell formation to cell division
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Cell cycle
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Defines changes from formation of the cell until it reproduces
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Cell cycle
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Defines changes from formation of the cell until it reproduces
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DNA replication
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Each nucleotide strand serves as a template for building a new complementary strand
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Nuclear membrane
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Double-membrane barrier containing pores
Is continuous with rough ER and bears ribosomes Maintains shape of nucleus |
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Interphase
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Period from cell formation to cell division
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Interphase
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Period from cell formation to cell division
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Chromatin
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Threadlike strands of DNA (also some protein)
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Chromatin
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Threadlike strands of DNA (also some protein)
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Nuclear membrane
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Double-membrane barrier containing pores
Is continuous with rough ER and bears ribosomes Maintains shape of nucleus |
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Nuclear membrane
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Double-membrane barrier containing pores
Is continuous with rough ER and bears ribosomes Maintains shape of nucleus |
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Cell cycle
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Defines changes from formation of the cell until it reproduces
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DNA replication
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Each nucleotide strand serves as a template for building a new complementary strand
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DNA replication
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Each nucleotide strand serves as a template for building a new complementary strand
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Chromatin
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Threadlike strands of DNA (also some protein)
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Cell cycle
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Defines changes from formation of the cell until it reproduces
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Chromatin
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Threadlike strands of DNA (also some protein)
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Cytokinesis—
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division of cytoplasm by cleavage furrow
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Chromatin
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Threadlike strands of DNA (also some protein)
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Cytokinesis—
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division of cytoplasm by cleavage furrow
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Cell cycle
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Defines changes from formation of the cell until it reproduces
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Interphase
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Period from cell formation to cell division
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Cytokinesis—
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division of cytoplasm by cleavage furrow
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Interphase
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Period from cell formation to cell division
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Cell cycle
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Defines changes from formation of the cell until it reproduces
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Cell cycle
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Defines changes from formation of the cell until it reproduces
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DNA replication
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Each nucleotide strand serves as a template for building a new complementary strand
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DNA replication
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Each nucleotide strand serves as a template for building a new complementary strand
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Interphase
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Period from cell formation to cell division
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Interphase
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Period from cell formation to cell division
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Interphase
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Period from cell formation to cell division
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Cytokinesis—
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division of cytoplasm by cleavage furrow
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DNA replication
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Each nucleotide strand serves as a template for building a new complementary strand
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DNA replication
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Each nucleotide strand serves as a template for building a new complementary strand
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Cytokinesis—
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division of cytoplasm by cleavage furrow
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DNA replication
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Each nucleotide strand serves as a template for building a new complementary strand
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Cytokinesis—
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division of cytoplasm by cleavage furrow
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Cytokinesis—
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division of cytoplasm by cleavage furrow
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Cytokinesis—
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division of cytoplasm by cleavage furrow
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