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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hyaline Elastic Fibro- |
3 Types of Cartilages |
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- Support - Protection - Movement - Storage of minerals and lipids - Blood cell production SPMBS |
Functions of Bone (5) |
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Support and Protects (Bone) |
Cranium: Protects brain Rib Cage: Protects lungs, heart Describes which function of the bone? |
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Movement (Bone) |
Joints, movement of limbs, attachment for muscles Describes which function of the bone? |
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Storage of Minerals and Lipids (Bone) |
- Minerals: Calcium phosphate. Balance of minerals in bones and body fluids - Lipids: Yellow marrow in medullary cavity stores fat Describes which function of the bone? |
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Blood Cell production (bone) |
- Red marrow in spongy bone is source of red and white blood cells Describes which function of the bone? |
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Diaphysis - Think full 'dia' meter |
- Shaft of long bone - Thick 'collar' of compact bone that surrounds medullary (marrow) cavity |
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Epiphysis |
- Ends of long bone - Outer shell is compact bone and the interior contains spongy bone - Hyaline cartilage covers joint surface to cushion during movement and absorbing stress |
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Periosteum |
- Covers outer surface of bone; consists of a inner osteogenic and outer fibrous layer |
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Endosteum |
- Internal bone surface (Marrow) lining that is an incomplete cellular layer containing osteoblasts, osteoclasts, epithelial and osteoprogenitor cells - Covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the canals that pass through compact bone |
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Epiphyseal plate |
- Hyaline cartilage till adult hood. Found at epiphysis. - Between the diaphysis and each epiphysis of an adult long bone is an epiphyseal line, a remnant of the _________, a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone |
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Articular cartilage |
Cartilage that remains on outer surface of the epiphysis where bone forms joint with another bone |
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Outer Fibrous Layer Inner Osteogenic Layer |
2 Layers of Periosteum |
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Inner Osteogenic Layer |
Cells for bone formation or bone break down - a layer of periosteum
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Outer Fibrous Layer |
Dense irregular connective tissue that is important for attachment of muscle tendons to the bone - a layer of periosteum
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Its scattered cells in a matrix |
Bone is considered a connective tissue because? |
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Osteoprogenitor cells (Also called osteogenic) Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts GBCC |
Scattered Cells of Bone Tissue (4) |
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Osteoprogenitor Cells (Osteogenic) |
- Squamous bone stem cells found in endosteum and periosteum - From mesenchymal stem cells to ________________ to osteoblasts |
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Osteoblasts |
-Make new bone (scattered cell), immature bone cells that secrete organic components of matrix to synthesize it, for bone growth - Analogous to fibroblasts in connective tissue and chondroblasts in cartilage |
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Osteocytes |
- Mature bone cells, most frequent bone cells that maintains the bone matrix - Osteoblasts - trapped in lacuna - become this |
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Osteoclasts |
- Derived from white blood cells - Help reshape, reform whole bone - Multinucleate cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix |
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Compact Bone |
- Hard outer surface of bone - Composed of Osteons (concentric layers of osteocytes within lamellae - Lamellae surround central canal (Haversian) - Haversion canal carry blood vessels, run parallel to surface |
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Spongy Bone |
- Found at epiphysis of long bones and interior of flat bones such as sternum - No osteons, instead honeycomb like cavities called trabeculae - Red marrow - Osteocytes get nourishment from canaliculi |
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At endosteum and periosteum |
How does bone grow in width? |
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At epiphyseal cartilage |
How does bone grow in length? |
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Bone grow in length |
- Cartilage added to epiphyseal side of cartilage - Osteoblasts invade cartilage on diaphyseal side, replace with bone. - At puberty: cartilage growth decrease while bone addition continues - Epiphyseal cartilage disappears and replaced by epiphyseal line How bones grow in ____________ |
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Ossification |
Means = Making bone (Bone formation) |
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Endochondral Ossification: Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage Intramembranous Ossification: Bone develops from fibrous connective tissue (membrane) |
Formation of the Bony Skeleton of fetuses has two types depending on what it develops from |
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EndoChondral Ossification (How the bones below the skull grow, except for clavicles) |
- Bone begins as hyaline cartilage formed by interstitial and appositional growth of cartilage - Blood vessels grow into perichondrium surrounding hyaline cartilage shaft - Cells in the perichondrium become osteoblasts construct layer of bone - Chondrocytes within diaphysis begin to enlarge, die and resorb (degrade) cartilage, creating cavities - Slender strips (trabeculae) of cartilage remain - Blood vessels, osteoblasts and bone marrow cells move in the cavities within diaphysis - Primary ossification center formed as spongy bone - Perichondrium becomes periosteum. Bony collar form around middle diaphysis - Remaining cartilage inside becomes calcified, erodes and then replaced by bone - Secondary ossification centers develop in epiphyses. |
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Intramembranous Ossification (How the dermal bones: flat bones of the skull, the mandible, clavicle form) |
- Begins within fibrous connective tissue. - Mesenchymal cells -> osteoprogenitor cells -> osteoblasts - Osteoblasts secrete matrix - Spicules (trabeculae) of bone and periosteum form - Fills with red marrow - Can later turn into compact bone |
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Hematoma Fibrocartilage Spongy Bone (Bony callus) Remodeling HFSR |
Bone Repair Steps (4) |
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Fracture Repair |
- Extensive bleeding occurs and blood clot forms - An internal callus forms spongy bone joins in inner edges - An external callus of cartilage and bone stabilize outer edge - Cartilage of external callus has been replaced by bone and sponge - Fragments of dead bone and areas of close bone have been removed and replaced - Swelling initially |
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Parathyroid hormone Thyroid hormone |
Calcium Homeostasis (2) |
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Parathyroid hormone |
- Increase the formation of new osteoclasts and increase osteoclast activity - more bone resorption - This causes calcium to be released into blood - Too much in blood or urine causes problems with kidneys - Kidneys release less calcium in urine - Increase blood calcium levels |
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Thyroid hormone (calcitonin) |
- Inhibits osteoclast activity - less bone resorption - Kidneys release more calcium in urine - Calcium from blood used to build bone |
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Colles fracture Greenstick fracture |
Fracture types, Distal Radius (Wrist) (2) |
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Colles fracture |
Break in the distal radius bone caused by backward displacement of head, such as reaching out to cushion a fall |
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Greenstick fracture |
- One side of the shaft is broken and the other side bent (fracture), incomplete break - Typically occurs in children whose long bones have yet to ossify fully and are more flexible |
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Osteoporosis |
Bones become weak, brittle because too much spongy bone has been absorbed by osteoclast resorption activity |
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Articular cartilage Costal Cartilage Respiratory cartilages Nasal cartilages ACRN |
Skeletal hyaline cartilages include: (4) |
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Articular cartilages |
Cartilage (artic = joint, point of connection), which cover the ends of most bones at movable joints |
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Costal cartilages |
Cartilage that connect the ribs to the sternum (breastbone) |
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Appositional growth Interstitial growth |
Two ways that cartilage grows |
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Appositional growth |
Type of cartilage growth where cartilage forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue |
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Interstitial growth |
Type of cartilage growth where lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within |
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Trabeculae |
Honeycomb shaped, flat or needle like pieces connected altogether within the spongy bone |
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Hematoma |
Step of bone repair where a mass of clotted blood forms at fracture site, inflammation |
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Fibrocartilage |
Step of bone repair where blood vessels, fibroblasts and cartilage and osteogenic cells invade fracture site, fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to connect broken ends |
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Spongy bone |
Step of bone repair where new bone trabeculae form in fibrocartilaginous callus. Repeats the events of endochondral ossification |
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Remodeling |
Step of bone repair where excess material on diaphysis exterior and within medullary cavity is removed |
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Epiphyseal fracture |
- Fracture where epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along epiphyseal plate - Fracture that tends to occur where bone matrix is undergoing calcification/chondrocytes are dying |