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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What hold vertebrae together?
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1.ligaments
2. intervertebral discs 3. synovial joints between articular processes |
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What level of movement is possible between 2 vertebrae?
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slight movement
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What is the weight bearing part of the thoracic vertebrae and what does it contain?
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1. body
2. contains red bone marrow |
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What drains the red bone marrow in the thoracic vertebrae bodies?
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basivertebral veins
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The neural arch exists for what reasons?
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1. protection of the spinal cord
2. attachment of the muscles 3. articulation with the ribs 4. regulation of movements |
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What type of joints are formed between thoracic vertebrae and what forms them?
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1.synovial joints
2. superior and inferior articular facets |
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The spinous process is downturned so as to overlap the one below it. Why is this important?
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for better protection of the underlying spinal cord
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How do cervical vertebrae overlap the lower vertebra?
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anteriorly
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What appears on the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae?
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1. anterior and posterior tubercules
2. transverse foramen |
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In cervical vertebrae what is the true transverse process and what is the true costal element?
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1. true transverse process-posterior tubercle
2. costal element- anterior tubercle |
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The C7 anterior process may form what?
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a cervical rib
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What is the vertebra prominens?
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C7 (but it is still not as big of a spinous process as T1)
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The dens belong to what cervical structure and what does it extend through and what hold its there?
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1. belongs to C2
2. extends through ring of atlas 3. held in place by a transverse ligament |
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The upper articular facets of C1 are what shape and what do they articulate with?
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1.concave
2. articulate with occipital condyles |
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The lower articular facets of C2 are what shape and articulate with what?
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1. flat
2. articulate with upper articular facets of axis (C2) |
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The motions of nodding yes and shaking no are controlled by what joints?
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1. YES- atlanto-occipital joint
2. NO- atlanto-axial joint |
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What two major areas can show a hangman's fracture on a lateral neck xray?
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1. prevertebral swelling
2. fracture of the posterior aspect of C2 pedicles |
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What is a type II dens fracture?
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1. fracture through base of the odontoid process
2. odontoid process and C1 moved posterior to C2 |
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What vertebrae are the most massive?
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lumbar
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How do the spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae project and why is this significant?
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1. project posteriorly, but do not overlap inferiorly
2. allows for lumbar puncture to be performed at this level |
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What is spondylolisthesis?
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1.forward displacement of the body of a vertebrae (usually happens in lower spine)
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The sacrum is made up of what?
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1. 5 sacral vertebrae fused into one
2. 4 intervertebral foramina 3. articular surfaces |
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What are the 4 intervertebral sacral foramina split into and what is transmitted through them?
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1. posterior and anterior sacral foramina
2. transmit anterior and posterior primary rami of sacral nerves |
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The lower opening of the sacral canal can sometimes be used for what?
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introduction of anesthetic
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What does the sacrum articulate with on its articulating surfaces?
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ilium
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What layers make up the intervertebral disc?
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1.hyaline cartilage
2. fibrocartilage |
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What is the nucleus pulposus made of?
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glycosaminoglycans
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What disorder is described as an upward herniation of an intervertebral disc that erodes the body of the adjacent vertebra?
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Schmorl's Node
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Paired components of the vertebra are each joined by how many ligaments?
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one
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Unpaired components of the vertebra are each joined by how many ligaments?
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2 ligaments
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The spines of adjacent vertebrae are joined by what ligaments?
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1. supraspinous ligament
2. interspinous ligaments |
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The bodies of adjacent vertebra are joined by what ligaments?
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1.anterior longitudinal ligament
2. posterior longitudinal ligament |
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The paired articular processes of adjacent vertebra are joined by what ligaments?
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capsular ligaments (synovial joints)
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The transverse processes of adjacent vertebra are joined by what ligaments?
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intertransverse ligaments
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The laminae of adjacent vertebra are joined by what ligaments?
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ligamentum flava
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Why isn't there a ligament between pedicles?
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because they make the intervertebral foramina which is where spinal nerves emerge
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What is the purpose of the cervical flexure?
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support of the head
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What is the purpose of the thoracic flexure?
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it was your original fetal curve
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What is the puprose of the lumbar flexure?
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support of trunk for standing and walking
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What are the movements of the vertebral column?
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1. anterior flexion
2. extension 3. lateral flexion 4. rotation |
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Why is rotation free in the thoracic region and not in the lumbar region?
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1.the superior articular facets face posterolaterally in the thoracic
2. the superior articular facets face almost medially in the lumbar region |
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What vertebrae level does the scapula lie between?
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T2-T7
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What vertebrae level does the supracristal plane(tops of both iliac crests) lie between?
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L4
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What vertebrae level does the posterior superior iliac spine lie between?
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S2
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At what spinal level does the spinal cord end in an adult?
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L1
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At what spinal level does the subarachnoid space end in an adult?
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S2
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What structures from superficial to deep does the needle pass through during a lumbar puncture?
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1. supra and interspinous ligaments
2. ligamentum flava 3. dura mater 4. arachnoid mater (stops in subarachnoid space) |
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What are the groups of muscle layers in the back?
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1.superficial
2. intermediate 3. deep |
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What muscles form the intermediate group of the back muscles?
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1. serratus posterior superior
2. serratus posterior inferior |
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What function are the serratus posterior superior and inferior muscles involved with?
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1. muscles of insperation (elongate the thoracic cavity)
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What innervates the serratus posterior superior and inferior?
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ventral rami of intercostal nerves
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What muscles make up the deep layer of the back?
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1. splenius capitis
2.splenius cervicis 3. interspinalis 4. levator costae 5. rotators 6. semispinalis thoracis 7. intertransversarii 8. multifudus |
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When the deep muscles of the back act jointly what motions occur and when they act unilaterally what motions occur?
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1. acting jointly extends vertebral joints preventing/regulating flexion
2. unilaterally, will cause lateral flexion and rotation of the spinal column |
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What are the attachments of the splenius capitis?
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1. inferior 1/2 of ligamentum nuchae and spines of T1-5
2. superior nuchal line and mastoid process (along with Sternocleidomastoid) |
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What are the attachements of the splenius cervicis?
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1. inferior 1/2 of ligamentum nuchae and spines of T1-5
2. transverse processes of C1-4 (along with levator scapulae) |
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The lumbar portion of the thoracolumbar fascia is also part of what else?
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dorsal aponeurosis of transverse abdominis
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The superficial layer and the deep layer of the thoracolumbar fascia attach to what in the lumbar portion?
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1. superficial: lumbar spines
2. deep: tips of the lumbar transverse processes |
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What are the attachments of the thoracolumbar fascia in the thoracic portion?
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1. vertebral spines
2. angle of the ribs (over the deep dorsal muscles) |
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Where do the erector spinae lie in relation to bony landmarks in the back?
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1. fill grooves between spines of the vert., transverse processes, and ribs
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What is the general form of the erector spinae muscles starting caudally and working up?
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1. start in sacral region
2. enlarge and are powerful in the lumbar region 3. split into columns of separate muscles attaching to spines, transverse processes and ribs in the thoracic region |
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The longest bundle and shortest bundle of the erector spinae are spatially related to each other how (superficial vs deep)?
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1. longest bundle is most superficial
2. shortest bundle is deep (contact with bone) |
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What is another name for the erector spinae?
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sacrospinalis
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How far does the erector spinae run?
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from pelvis to skull
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Where does the erector spinae split and what does it split into?
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1. splits near the 12th rib
2. splits into: -iliocostalis -longissimus -spinalis |
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What are the attachments of the iliocostalis?
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1.inserts into angle of ribs and C4-6 transverse processes
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What are the attachments of the longissimus (thoracis, cervicis, and capitis)?
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1. inserts into lumbar accessory process and transverse processes
2. thoracic transverse processes and parts of T2-12 3. bundles arising from T1-4 inserts into C2-6 |
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Where is the spinalis portion of the erector spinae?
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found only in the thoracic region
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The transversospinalis muscles are deep to what?
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erector spinae
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Where do the transversospinalis muscles run?
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1. run from transverse processes to spines
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What are the three layers of transversospinalis muscles from superficial to deep?
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1. semispinalis
2. multifudus 3. rotatores |
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What are the general attachments of the semispinalis thoracis and cervicis?
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attach near tips of transverse processes to tips of spinous processes (run almost vertically)
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What are the attachments of the semispinalis capitis?
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1. transverse processes of T1-5 and articular processes of C4-7
2. occipital bone |
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What innervates the semispinalis capitis?
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dorsal primary rami of all cervical nerves
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What muscle covers the semispinalis capitis?
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trapezius
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What are the attachments of the multifidus?
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1. dorsal sacrum (between spinous and transverse crests) and all transverse processes up to C4 (also attach to adjacent ligaments and fascia of erector spinae
2. to inferior border of C2-L5 spinous processes |
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What are the attachments of the rotatores?
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1. transverse processes
2. superior spinous process or lamina |
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Where can the interspinales and intertransversarii be found?
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1. well developed in the cervical and lumbar regions
2. absent from thoracic region |
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Where do the interspinales muscles run?
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1.unite the bifid tubercles of adjacent cervical spinous processes
2. unite adjacent borders of lumbar spines |
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Where do the intertransversarii muscles (ant. and post.) run?
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1. unite adjacent anterior tubercles and adjacent posterior tubercles of cervical transverse processes
2. also unite transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae |
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How do the cervical nerves pass when going from cord to the intervertebral foramina?
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horizontally
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As the nerve roots become vertical at L1 the start to form what and what is it composed of?
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1.cauda equina
2. composed of anterior and posterior nerve roots |
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What is the true end of the spinal cord?
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conus medullaris
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What does the filum terminale attach to and what is it responsible for?
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1. attaches to conus medullaris
2. responsible for vertical stability of the spinal cord |
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What are denticulate ligaments formed from and what are they responsible for?
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1. formed by reflections of pia mater
2. responsible for lateral stability of the spinal cord |
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The filum terminale pierces the dura and runs where and becomes what?
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1. runs to the posterior aspect of coccyx
2. coccygeal ligament |
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Which dorsal rami of spinal nerves are not typical?
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first 2 and last 3
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Where does the dorsal rami of spinal nerves typically originate and run?
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1. originates laterally to the spinal ganglion
2. passes dorsally on the lateral side of the superior articular process |
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What do the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves supply and innervate?
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1. supply skin and deep muscles of back (medial to the angles of ribs)
2. innervate articular facets of vertebrae |
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Some exceptions of dorsal rami of spinal nerve travel further. What are they and where do they run?
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1. C2 (greater occipital nerve to scalp)
2. T2 to acromion 3. L1,2,3 to gluteal region |
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Each dorsal ramus divides into medial and lateral branches. What are the exceptions?
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C1, S4, S5, Co1
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When the dorsal ramus divides, one of the divisions will end up as cutaneous. What are the levels where neither ends up cutaneous?
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C1, C6, C7, C8, L4, L5
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What are the venous plexus?
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dense plexus of thin-walled valveless veins surrounding the spinal dura mater
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How does the venous plexus communicate superiorly?
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with the occipital and basilar sinuses of the cranium
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How is the vertebral venous plexus divided?
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anterior and posterior longitudinal channels
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What veins run into the vertebral venous plexus?
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1. vein from spinal cord
2. basivertebral vein from body of vert. at each segment |
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What drains the vertebral venous plexus?
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1. drained by intervertebral veins coming through the intervertebral foramina to the vertebral, intercostal, lumbar, and lateral sacral veins
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What is formed by veins from the anterior body of the vertebrae?
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anterior vertebral plexus
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What is formed by veins passing through the ligamentum flava?
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posterior vertebral plexus
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What forms the apex of the suboccipital triangle?
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posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid and anterior border of trapezius
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What is under the trapezius and where does it attach?
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1. semispinalis capitis
2. attaches to skull between superior and inferior nuchal lines |
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What vessel emerges from under the splenius capitis and what does it supply?
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1. occipital artery
2. supplies back of the scalp |
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What 2 nerves emerge through the semispinalis capitis and what do they supply?
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1. greater occipital nerve (dorsal primary ramus of C2)
2. third occipital nerve (dorsal primary ramus of C3) 3. both supply the skin of the scalp |
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What are the bony landmarks of C1?
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1. posterior tubercle (no spine) for head extension/looking up
2. long transverse processes / for levers in rotation of head and C1 on the dens |
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What are the muscles of the suboccipital triangle?
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1. rectus capitis posterior major
2. RCP minor 3. obliquus superior 4. obliquus inferior |
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What are the attachments of the rectus capitis posterior major?
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1. from spine of the axis
2. below inferior nuchal line (lateral to RCP minor) |
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What are the attachments of the rectus capitis posterior minor?
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1.posterior tubercle of atlas (C1)
2. to below inferior nuchal line (bilaterally) |
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What are the attachments of the obliquus superior?
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1. transverse process of atlas
2. area between nuchal lines lateral to semispinalis |
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What are the attachments of the obliquus inferior?
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1. from spine of axis
2. transverse process of atlas |
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Where does the vertebral artery run?
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1. runs through the transverse foramina of upper 6 cervical vert.
2. emerges onto upper surface of atlas 3.passes posteriorly to reach a deep groove of the posterior arch of the atlas 4.passes into the foramen magnum to meet with opposite vert. artery and to form basilar artery |
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The two vert. arteries join to form what?
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basilar artery
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How does atherosclerosis of the vertebral arteries affect you?
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1. movement of head and neck could affect blood flow and cause fainting and unconsciousness
2. or a TIA |
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Where does the C1 nerve emerge and run?
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1. emerges from spinal cord
2. runs in C1 groove between artery and bone 3. splits into dorsal and ventral primary ramus |
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What does the dorsal primary ramus of C1 become and what does it do?
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1. suboccipital nerve
2. enters suboccipital triangle and innervates the muscles |
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Where does the ventral primary ramus run and what does it join?
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1. runs forward, lateral to the superior articular face and joins the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
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Where does the C2 spinal nerve run and what does it become?
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1. emerges between atlas and axis and travels superiorly over the suboccipital triangle
2. becomes the greater occipital nerve |
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Where does the C3 spinal nerve run?
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emerges between axis and C3 vertebra
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