Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Deltoid
|
Action: Flexes, medially rotates abducts extends, laterally rotates arm
Innervation: axillary nerve Origin: clavicle Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity |
|
Teres Major
|
Action: Adducts and medially rotates arm
Innervation: Lower subscapular nerve Origin: Inferior angle on the posterior side of scapula Insertion: Medial side of intertubercular groove |
|
Teres Minor
|
Action: laterally rotates arm
Innervation: axillary nerve Origin: middle part of lateral border of scapula on the posterior side Insertion: inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus |
|
Triceps Brachii
|
Action: extends arm
Innervation: radial nerve Origin: upper part of lateral border of scapula (long head) Insertion: olecranon of ulna |
|
Infraspinatus
|
Action: laterally rotates arm
Innervation:suprascapular nerve Origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula Insertion: middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus |
|
Supraspinatus
|
Action: Initiates abduction of arm
Innervation: suprascapular nerve Origin: supraspinatus fossa of scapula Insertion: superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus |
|
Latissimus Dorsi
|
Action: extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus
Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve Origin: spinous processes of inferior 6 thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, illiac crest, and inferior 3/4 ribs Insertion: intertubercular groove of humerus |
|
Pectoralis Major
|
Action: adducts and medially rotates humerus, flexes clavicular head of humerus, extension of sternocostal head of humerus
Innervation: lateral and medial pectoral nerves Origin: Anterior surface of medial half of clavicle (clavicular head), anterior surface of sternum, superior 6 or 7 costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external oblique muscle (sternocostal head) Insertion: lateral lip of intertubercular groove (sulcus) of humerus |
|
Pectoralis Minor
|
Action: stabilizes scapula, drawing anteriorly and inferiorly against thoracic wall
Innervation: medial pectoral nerve Origin: ribs 3-5 Insertion:medial border and superior surface of caracoid process of scapula |
|
Serratus Anterior
|
Action: rotates scapula upward, protracts against thoracic wall, stabalizes scapula during abduction of arm
Innervation: long thoracic nerve Origin: ribs 1-8 Insertion: inferior angle and anterior surface of medial border of scapula |
|
Subclavius
|
Action: anchors and depresses clavicle
Innervation: subclavian nerve Origin: junction of rib 1 and its costal cartilage Insertion: inferior surface of middle third of clavicle |
|
Which joint indicates the approximate midline level of the inferior heart and the superior limit of the liver?
|
xiphisternal joint
|
|
What is the most frequently fractured bone in the human body and where does the fracture most commonly occur (on bone)?
|
clavicle
occurring at the junction of its middle and lateral thirds |
|
fibrosis, or shortening of the suspensory ligaments or invasion of the lactiferous ducts in breast cancer may produce what 2 effects?
|
1. dimpling of the skin
2. retraction of the nipple |
|
Puffy edematous skin between pores giving the skin a orange-peel appearance (peau d' orange sign ) is caused by.....
|
obstruction of lymphatic vessels
|
|
The connection of posterior intercostal veins with the vertebral venous plexuses provides a pathway for __________________ to the vertebrae, spinal cord, and brain.
|
metastasis of breast cancer
|
|
What symptom in a female patient suggests the possibility of breast cancer and should be investigated?
|
unexplained enlargement of axillary lymph nodes
|
|
Males account for _____% of breast cancer cases
|
1.5%
|
|
What nerve provides a pathway for referred pain from the heart to the arm?
|
intercostalbrachial nerve
(lateral cutaneous branch of the 2nd intercostal nerve) |
|
In carcinoma, cancer cells may invade the retromammary bursa and the underlying pectoral fascia, fixing the breast to the pectoralis major muscle, what changes does this cause in the appearance of the breast?
|
The breast may elevate when the muscle contracts, and breast contour changes revealing dimpling
|
|
What clinical examination is standard for breast cancer?
|
having the patient flex pectoralis muscles with hand on her hips to see if breast elevates
|
|
Anesthetic is sometimes injected into the _________________ to block the brachial plexus for upper extremity surgery
|
axillary sheath
(contains axillary artery and vein in addition to parts of brachial plexus) |
|
The scapular circumflex joins the dorsal scapular and the suprascapular arteries in forming ______________________
|
arterial anastomoses around the scapula
|
|
Arterial anastomoses around the scapula may allow surgical ligation of the _______________ proximal to the subscapular branch.
|
axillary artery
|
|
What nerve and artery that pass through the quadrangular space are in danger from a fracture at the surgical neck of the humerus?
What other injury can cause damage to this nerve? |
axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex artery
dislocation of the glenohumeral joint |
|
injuries of the upper brachial plexus involve the anterior rami of _____ and _____ and usually result from a forcible increase in angle between the ______ and ____________.
|
C5 and C6
shoulder and neck |
|
When a rider is thrown from a motorcycle onto on side of the neck and shoulder or when a baby's head is pulled during delivery, it may result in what?
|
Erb-Duchenne's Palsy (Erb's palsy)
|
|
Erb's palsy results in ________________________
|
"waiter's posture"
arm adducted and medially rotated forearm extended and pronated palm facing backwards |
|
Klumpke's paralysis is caused by ___________
|
lesions to the lower brachial plexus
|
|
Injuries to ___ and ___ result when the upper limb is jerked superiorly, such as when a person falls from from a roof and grabs a branch to catch himself or when a babies arm is pulled strongly upward during difficult delivery
|
C8 and T1
|
|
Klumpke's paralysis results in paralysis of what?
This leads to what characteristic deformity also seen with ulnar nerve lesion? |
two forearm muscles and most intrinsic hand muscles are paralyzed
leads to "claw hand" deformity |
|
The rotator cuff muscles are the dynamic stabilizers of what joint?
The rupture of the ______________ due to trauma and degeneration produces a painful and debilitating injury. |
glenohumeral joint
rotator cuff tendon |
|
What nerves superficial position makes it vulnerable to trauma and axillary surgery such as a radical masectomy for breast cancer?
|
long thoracic nerve
|
|
"winging of the scapula" the inferior and medial border of the scapula pulling away from the posterior thoracic wall during are movements, is caused by injury to what nerve?
|
long thoracic nerve
|
|
a patient with an injury to the long thoracic nerve is typically unable to raise the arm above the horizontal plane due to loss of upward rotation of the _____________
(trapezius alone isnt strong enough) |
glenoid cavity of the scapula
|
|
_______________ firmly attaches the mammary glands to the dermis of the overlying skin
|
suspensory ligaments (of Cooper)
|
|
Suspensory ligaments are well developed in the superior part of the breast and help support ______________
|
support the mammary gland lobules
|
|
The arterial supply of the breast is developed from branches of what 4 arteries?
|
internal thoracic artery
lateral thoracic artery thoracoacromial artery posterior intercostal artery |
|
The female breast is roughly circular in shape with a small _________ extending into the axillary fossa
|
axillary tail
|
|
75% of the lymphatic drainage (of lateral quadrants) of the breast flows through the axillary tail into the _________________
|
axillary lymph nodes
|
|
Lymph from the medial breast quadrants drains into the _____________ along the internal thoracic artery or to the opposite breast.
|
parasternal lymph nodes
|
|
Lymph from the inferior breast quadrants may pass deep to the _______________.
|
abdominal lymph nodes
|
|
What are the 5 main groups of axillary lymph nodes and where do they receive lymph from?
|
1. apical- lymph from all other axillary groups
2. pectoral- lymph from ant. thoracic wall, breast 3. subscapular- lymph from post. thoracic wall & scapular region 4. humeral- receives most of lymph from upper limb 5. central- receives lymph from the pectoral, subscapular, and humeral nodes |
|
The efferent vessels of which axillary lymph group form the subclavian lymph trunk?
|
apical group
|
|
Which axillary lymph group drains to the apical group?
|
central group
|
|
A mastectomy refers to the surgical removal of what?
In a radical mastectomy what else may also be removed? |
breast tissue
pectoralis major muscle |
|
What 3 muscles attach to the coracoid process of the scapula?
|
pectoralis minor
coracobrachialis short head of biceps brachii |
|
pectoral fascia surrounds what muscle and becomes what laterally?
|
surrounds pectoralis major
becomes axillary fascia laterally |
|
What fascia surround the subclavius and pectoralis minor and is continuous inferiorly with the axillary fascia?
What membrane forms between the subclavius and pectoralis minor? |
clavipectoral fascia
costocoracoid membrane |
|
axillary fascia forms what?
|
the floor of the axilla
|
|
What two things emerge medial to the pectoralis minor muscle to enter and supply the pectoralis major?
|
the lateral pectoral nerve
and the thoracoacromial artery |
|
What nerve supplies and pierces the pectoralis minor to also supply the pectoralis major?
|
medial pectoral nerve
|
|
What artery serves as the blood supply for the serratus anterior?
|
lateral thoracic artery
|
|
What is the only major structure that passes directly through the medical axillary wall?
|
intercostobrachial nerve
|
|
What provides a gateway for the passage of major blood vessels and nerves between the neck and arm?
|
axilla
|
|
What are the major contents of the axilla?
|
axillary artery and vein
brachial plexus lymphatic vessels axillary lymph nodes axillary fat proximal parts of 2 muscles |
|
What forms the apex of the axilla?
|
formed by convergence of clavicle, superior border of scapula, and first rib
entrance to axilla |
|
What forms the base of the axilla?
|
formed by the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and axillary fascia
forms the axillary fossa (armpit) |
|
what forms the medial wall of the axilla?
|
formed by the thoracic wall and overlying serratus anterior muscle
|
|
what forms the lateral wall of the axilla?
|
narrow bony wall formed by the intertubercular groove of the humerus
|
|
what forms the anterior wall of the axilla?
|
formed by the pectoralis major and minor, pectoral and clavipectoral fascia
anterior axillary fold is the inferiormost part |
|
what forms the posterior wall of the axilla?
|
formed by the scapula, subscapularis, teres major, and latissmus dorsi
posterior axillary fold is inferiormost part |
|
axillary artery begins at the lateral border of the first rib as a continuation of what artery and ends at the inferior border of the teres major as it becomes what artery?
|
continuation of subclavian artery at first rib
becomes brachial artery at teres major |
|
compression of the subclavian artery against the first rib controls bleeding from what 2 arteries and their branches?
|
axillary and brachial artery
|
|
The axillary artery is divided into three parts in relation to the pectoralis minor muscle, how are the three portions divided?
|
first part- btwn lateral margin of 1st rib & medial border of pec minor
second part- posterior to pectoralis minor third part- btwn lateral border of pec minor and inferior border of teres major |
|
axillary vein begins at _______________________________
and is the continuation of the _______________ |
begins at the inferior margin of the teres major
continuation of the basilic vein |
|
axillary vein ends at _____________________
and become the ____________________ |
ends at the lateral border of the first rib
becomes the subclavian vein |
|
the axillary vein receives the ______________, which drains the lateral and posterior parts of the hand, forearm, and arm
|
cephalic vein
|
|
The cephalic vein traverses the __________________ between the deltoid muscle and clavicular head of the pectoralis major muscle to drain into the axillary vein.
|
deltopectoral groove (triange)
|
|
What is the only articulation between the axial skeleton and the bones of the whole upper extremity?
|
sternoclavicular joint
|
|
What two bones make up the shoulder girdle?
|
clavicle and scapula
|
|
What bone acts as a strut holding the upper extremities in place?
|
clavicle
|
|
What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint and what is it between?
|
plane synovial joint (bone-space-bone)
btwn acromion and clavicle |
|
What type of joint is the coracoclavicular joint-ligament?
|
syndesmosis (two bones seperated by cap, sealed by ligaments
btwn conoid ligament-tubercule and trapezoid ligament-line |
|
What makes contact with the lateral angle of the scapula?
|
glenoid cavity,
long head of biceps to supraglenoid tubercle long head of triceps to infraglenoid tubercle glenoid labrum |
|
what makes contact with the inferior angle of the scapula?
|
rhomboid major
teres major serratus anterior |
|
What makes contact with the superior angle of the scapula?
|
levator scapula
|
|
what is along the superior border of the scapula?
|
superior angle
suprascapular notch coracoid process supraglenoid tubercle |
|
What makes contact with the suprascapular notch of the scapula?
|
suprascapular ligament
blood vessels and nerve omohyoid muscle |
|
What makes contact with the coracoid process of the scapula?
|
trapezoid ligament
conoid ligament coracoacromial ligament coracohumeral ligament short head of biceps coracobrachialis pectoralis minor |
|
What is along the medial border of the scapula?
|
levator scapulae
rhomboid major rhomboid minor |
|
what is along the medial border of the scapula?
|
from inferior angle to infraglenoid tubercle
teres major teres minor long head of triceps |
|
what is along the costal surface of the scapula?
|
seratus anterior muscle
subscapularis fossa subscapularis muscle |
|
what is along the dorsal surface of the scapula?
|
scapular spine (spinoglenoid notch, acromion)
supraspinous fossa (supraspinatus muscle) infraspinous fossa (infraspinatus muscle) |
|
What attaches to the anatomical neck of the humerus?
Why is this necessary? |
fibrous capsule
lies between humerus and glenoid cavity where a "bony mismatch" would be present without cushioning |
|
what attaches directly to the lesser tubercle of the humerus?
what attaches to the crest of the lesser tubercle? |
subscapularis
teres major and latissimus dorsi |
|
what attaches directly to the greater tubercle of the humerus?
what attaches to the crest of the greater tubercle? |
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor
pectoralis major |
|
what attaches to the bicipital groove of the humerus?
|
tendon of the long head of bicep
|
|
What muscles make up the shoulder joint?
|
rotator cuff (supra/infra-spinatus, teres minor)
subscapularis teres major deltoid long head biceps |
|
(anterior/posterior/inferior) dislocations make up 90% of should joint disorders
|
anterior dislocation
(all types possible) |
|
Which muscle of the rotator cuff is most commonly injured?
|
supraspinatus
|
|
What are the borders of the deltopectoral triangle?
what passes through the space? |
bound by clavicular head of pectoralis major, deltoid muscle, and middle third of clavicle
cephalic vein |