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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Characteristics of blood
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Blood is a connective tissue
4x more viscous that water Temperature is 1 degree higher than measure body temp= 38 degrees C |
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Components of blood
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Erythrocytes: Red blood cells; form the lower layer; 44% of blood sample
Buffy Coat: middle layer; 1% of sample Plasma: straw-colored liquid; forms top layer; 55% of sample Formed Elements: Erythrocytes, Leukocytes & Platelets |
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Functions of blood
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Transportation
Regulation Protection |
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Blood transportation
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Erythrocytes:
-carry oxygen & carbon dioxide between lungs & body cells Plasma: -Transports nutrients absorbed from the GI tract to the liver -Also transports hormones secreted by the endocrine glands -Carries waste products from cells to waste removal organs (kidneys) |
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Blood Regulation
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Body temperature regulation
pH levels= blood pH is 7.4 = pH required for normal cellular functioning Fluid levels in the cardiovascular system -Maintain blood pressure |
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Blood Protection
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Leukocytes guard against infection by a pathogen or an antigen
Antigen- substance perceived as foreign to the body Blood loss- platelets & blood proteins form blood clots to prevent blood loss |
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Components of Blood Plasma
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Blood plasma is a mixture of water 92%, proteins 7%, and other solutes 1%
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Albumins (plasma protein)
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Smallest & most abundant plasma protein; regulate water movement between the blood and interstitial fluid
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Globulins (plasma protein)
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2nd most abundant of plasma proteins
-Alpha-globulins & Beta-globulins: bind, support, and protect certain water-insoluble or hydrophobic molecules, hormones, & ions -Gamma-globulins: immunoglobulins or antibodies; soluble proteins produced by some of our defense cells to protect the body against pathogens that may cause disease |
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Fibrinogen (plasma protein)
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responsible for blood clot formation
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Regulatory Proteins (plasma protein)
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include enzymes, proenzymes and hormones
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Hematocrit
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The percentage of blood that consists of red blood cells
Normal hematocrit range is 42-56% in men, and 38-46% in women |
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Anemia
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Low hematocrit= any condition in which the RBC count is less than the normal range
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Polycythemia
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High hematocrit= the condition of having too many RBC's in the blood
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Difference between blood and interstitial fluid
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Concentration of dissolved oxygen is higher in plasma than in interstitial fluid
Concentration of carbon dioxide is lower in blood than in interstitial fluid |
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Extracellular fluid (ECF)
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body fluid found outside of cells
Plasma and interstitial fluid |
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Erythrocytes (red blood cells or RBCs)
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Most abundant of the formed elements
-Not really a cell- mature RBCs lack nuclei and organelles Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues and the lungs Normal, mature RBC has a unique, biconcave disc structure - this allows the respiratory gases to be loaded and unloaded rapidly and efficiently -Makes them flexible so can bend and squeeze through tiny blood vessels -No point within an RBC is far from the cell surface = facilitates the process of gas exchange |
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Hemoglobin
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Is a red-pigmented protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
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Hemoglobin structure
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Consists of 4 protein building blocks called globins
-2 alpha (a) & 2 beta (B) chains All globin chains contain a heme (non protein) group that is ring-shaped with an iron ion (Fe2+) in its center Oxygen binds to the iron ions for transport in the blood -Since each molecule of hemoglobin has 4 globins - can reversibly bind 4 oxygen molecules -Weak binding allows oxygen to travel down its concentration gradient -Picked up at the lungs -Dropped off at the tissues Carbon dioxide also weakly bonds to hemoglobin at a different side than oxygen (not the iron) |
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Erythrocyte Life Cycle
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1)Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow
2)Erythrocytes circulate in bloodstream for 120 days 3)Aged erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver and spleen 4)Heme components of blood are recycled 5)Erythrocyte membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down into amino acids, some of which are used to make new erythrocytes |
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ABO blood types
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ABO Blood Group has 2 surface antigens = A and B whose presence or absence are the criteria that determine ABO blood type.
A type = A antigen and anti-B antibodies B type = B antigen and anti-A antibodies AB type = A and B antigens and no antibodies O type = No antigens and anti-A and anti-B antibodies |
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Rh Factor
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When the Rh factor is present, the individual is Rh positive (Rh+)
If Rh factor is absent = Rh negative (RH-) Antibodies to the Rh factor only appear in the blood of an Rh- individual upon exposure to Rh+ blood (Often occurs as a result of an inappropriate blood transfusion) |
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5 types of Leukocytes
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Granulocytes
-Neutrophils -Eosinophils -Basophils Agranulocytes -Lymphocytes -Monocytes |
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Neutrophils
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Phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria
Release enzymes that target pathogens 60-70% of total leukocytes |
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Eosinophils
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Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens
Release chemical mediators to destroy parasitic worms 2-4% of total leukocytes |
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Basophils
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Release histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant) during inflammatory or allergic reactions
0.5-1% of total leukocytes |
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Lymphocytes
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Attack pathogens and abnormal/infected cells
Coordinate immune cell activity Produce antibodies 20-25% total leukocytes |
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Monocytes
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Can exit blood vessels and become macrophages
Phagocytize pathogens, cellular debris, dead cells 3-8% total leukocytes |
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Platelets
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Irregular, membrane-enclosed cellular fragments= small volumes of cytoplasm wrapped within plasma membrane -> shed from megakaryocytes
Very small; exhibit a dark central region Form blood clots or platelet plugs Circulate 8-10 days |
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Hemopoiesis
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Production of formed elements
Continuous process that occurs in red bone marrow Hemocytoblasts produce 2 lines for blood development: -Myeloid line: forms erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and all leukocytes except lymphocytes -Lymphoid line: forms lymphocytes |
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Arteries
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Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart and become progressively smaller as they branch and finally result in Capillaries
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Veins
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Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart and become progressively larger as they merge and are closer to the heart
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Pulmonary circulation
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Right side of the heart and the pulmonary arteries and veins. This circulation conveys blood to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart
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Systemic circulation
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Left side of the heart and arteries and veins that convey blood to most body tissues and back to the right side of the heart
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Position of the heart
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Slightly left of midline deep to the sternum in a compartment of the thorax known as the mediastinum
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Heart Wall
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The heart wall consists of three distinctive layers (from superficial to deep):
-Epicardium - consists of the visceral layer of the serous pericardium and areolar connective tissue - Myocardium - cardiac muscle and is the thickest of the three layers - Endocardium - internal surface of the heart chambers and external surface of the heart valves |
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Pericardium
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Tough sac that encloses the heart
Restricts heart movements so that it moves only slightly within the thorax Comprised of two parts: -Fibrous pericardium - outer covering of tough, dense connective tissue -Serous pericardium - comprised of two layers: -Parietal layer - lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium -Visceral layer (epicardium) - covers the outer surface of the heart |
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Right Ventricle
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receives deoxygenated venous blood from the right atrium
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Left Atrium
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Oxygenated blood from the lungs travels through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
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Blood flow through the Heart
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Systemic veins-> S&I vena cava-> Right atrium-> Right AV-> Right ventricle-> Pulmonary semilunar valve-> Pulmonary trunk-> Gas exchange in the lungs-> Pulmonary veins-> Left atrium-> Left AV-> Left ventricle-> Aortic semilunar valve-> Aorta-> Systemic arteries-> Gas nutrient exchange in peripheral tissues
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Autorhythmicity
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meaning that the heart itself is responsible for initiating the heartbeat
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Sinoatrial (SA) node
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The electrical impulse that initiates the heartbeat
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Atrioventricular (AV) node
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slows conduction of the impulse as it travels from the atria to the ventricles, providing a delay between activation and contraction of the ventricles
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Atrioventricular (AV) bundle or "bundle of His"
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receives the muscle impulse from the AV node and extends into the interventricular septum before dividing into the left and right bundles
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Right and Left Bundle Branches
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These bundles conduct the impulse to conduction fibers called Purkinje cells
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Purkinje fibers
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Spreads impulse immediately throughout the ventricular myocardium
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Conduction system order
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SA node-> AV node-> AV bundle (bundle of His)-> Right and left Bundle Branches-> Purkinje Fibers
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Which is the natural pacemaker of the heart?
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SA node
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Where does the delay occur that allows the atria to contract before the ventricles?
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AV node
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Branches of right coronary artery
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Posterior interventricular artery and Right marginal artery
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Branches of left coronary artery
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Circumflex artery and Anterior interventricular artery
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Coronary Arteries and their companion Cardiac Veins
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The Great Cardiac vein runs with Anterior interventricular artery
The middle cardiac vein runs with the Posterior interventricular artery The Small cardiac vein runs with the Marginal artery |
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Which valve is also called the tricuspid valve?
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Right Atrioventricular
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Which valve is also called the bicuspid and mitral valve?
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Left Atrioventricular
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Tunica Externa (adventitia)
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connective tissure that helps anchor the blood vessel to an organ. Larger blood vessels requires their own blood supply. The smaller arteries that supply the larger arteries are called vasa vasorum which runs through the tunica externa
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Tunic media
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comprised of circularly arranged smooth muscle. Sympathetic input causes this smooth muscle to contract resulting in vasoconstriction. Parasympathetic input results in vasodilation
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Tunica intima (interna)
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composed of an endothelium (simple squamous epithelium lining the inside of the arteries and veins)
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Types of arteries
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Elastic Arteries: Largest of the arteries
Muscular Arteries: medium diameter arteries Arterioles: smallest arteries |
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Types of veins
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Venules: smallest veins
-postcapillary venules: smallest ones Veins: larger than venules -Venules merge to form veins |
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At which vessel is blood pressure?
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Arterioles
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How is blood pressure controlled?
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Parasympathetic innervation causes vasodilation and a lowering of blood pressure
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Types of Capillaries
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Continuous
Fenestrated Sinusoid |
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Continuous (capillary)
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Most common type, endothelial cells form a continuous and complete lining (no physical holes) aided by the presence of tight junctions.
Found in muscle, skin, the thymus, the lungs, and the CNS |
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Fenestrated (capillary)
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Endothelial cells possess small "holes" to allow fluid exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
Found in small intestine (intestinal villi), the ciliary process of the eye, most of the endocrine glands, and the kidney |
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Sinusoid (capillary)
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Have big gaps between endothelial cells that promotes transport of large molecules and cells to and from the blood.
Found in bone marrow, the anterior pituitary, the parathyroid glands, the adrenal glands, the spleen, and the liver |
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Which type of vessels are blood reservoirs?
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Veins. They hold about 60% of the body's blood
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Skeletal muscle pump
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As skeletal muscles contract, they also pump blood toward the heart
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