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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
5 Functions of respiratory system. |
1. Regulation of blood pH 2. Voice 3. Olfaction 4. Protection 5. Gas Exchange
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Pulmonary ventilation - |
breathing air in and out of lungs |
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External respiration - |
exchange of gases between lungs and capillaries |
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Transport - |
– distribution and collection of respiratory gases. |
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Internal respiration - |
exchange of gases between capillaries and tissues in the cells. |
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Organs in the Conducting zone - (6) |
1. Nose/Nasal Cavity 2. Pharynx 3. Larynx 4. Trachea 5. Bronchus 6. Broncioles |
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Conducting zone tissue - |
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with globlet cells. |
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Conducting zone acts as a - |
conduit - (a tube that keeps wires safe.) |
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Nose/ Nasal cavity - - functions (3) |
1. Cilia and mucus filter air and trap particles 2. Capillary plexuses warm and humidify air. 3. Serves as a passageway for air. |
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The mucous in your nose contains - |
lysozymes |
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Pharynx - - what kind of muscle? involuntary or voluntary? - three types of pharynx and what goes through them. |
Skeletal , involuntary Naso - air only Oro - air and food Laryngo - food only? |
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Larynx - two functions: |
Voicebox passageway for air. |
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Things inside the larynx (4) |
1. Glottis 2. Epiglottis 3. Vocal Folds 4. Vestibular folds |
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Glottis - |
opening for air into trachea |
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Epiglottis - |
prevents food from entering respiratory tract when covering the glottis. |
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Vocal folds - |
speech/sound |
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Vestibular folds - |
false vocal cords - no sound production |
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Type of cartilage in: Glottis - Epiglottis - Vocal folds - Vestibular folds - |
- hyaline - elastin - hyaline - hyaline. |
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Speech - caused by... |
movements of the arytenoid and laryngeal catilages |
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Trachea - functions (3) |
1. Propels mucous upwards. 2. passageway for air. 3. Filters, warms and moistens air. |
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Trachea is reinforced with - These things then.... |
rings of cartilage (C-shaped) compress when engulfing large amounts of food. |
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Trachea tissue - |
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epitelium |
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Bronchus - what is it? functions?
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- Two smaller tubes that branch from the trachea in to the lungs. - passageway for air. - same functions as trachea |
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Primary bronchus breaks into |
secondary, tertiary, etc. |
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The amount of cartilage _____ as smooth muscle __________. Mucosa then... |
decreases, increases things from pseudostratfied to cuboidal. |
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Bronchioles - function - size - doesnt have? - but does have? |
passageway for air No cartilage or mucous smooth muscle for dilation/constriction |
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Terminal bronchioles - |
lead to the respiratory zone. |
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Organs in the respiratory zone (2) |
1. Respiratory bronchioles 2. Alveolus. |
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Respiratory bronchioles - the path to where they lead.
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Respiratory bronchiles to alveolar ducts to alveolar sacs to alveoli. |
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Alveolus(i) - |
place where gas exchange occurs in lungs |
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Alveolar sacs - |
open sacs on the inside. |
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Emphysema - |
o Destruction of alveoli results in much larger air sacs, with much less surface area for gas exchange |
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Parts of the respiratory membrane. |
Alveolar fluid Alveolr epithelium Basement membrane of aveolar epithelium interstitial space basement membrane of capillary epithelium Capillary epithelium. |
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Oxygen diffuses.... CO2 diffuses... |
From the alveolus to the blood from the blood to the alveolus |
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Lungs - Lobes in right lung? Lobes in left? |
Organ where gas exchange takes place. 3 2 |
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Why does the left side only have 2? |
Holds the heart |
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Lobes with bronchopulmonary segments - |
only remove certain segments – they have clinical importance. |
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Vascular supply made up of |
pulmonary vessels Bronchial vessels |
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Pulmonary vessels - |
circuit to exchange Oxygen and CO2 |
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Broncial vessels - |
systemic circulation to bronchi and lung tissue |
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Bronchial arteries supploed by... |
thoracic aorta. |
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Pleural cavity - the serous in it has the consitancy of... |
water |
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Pleurisy - which can cause? |
Infection of these pleurae which can cause fluid build-up |
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Alveolus - Inside they have? Function - |
- lipoproteins - Lowers the surface tension and prevents lungs from completely collapsing when you exhale.
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Infant respiratory distress syndrome - |
lac of complete development |
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Alveolus has what in it? (3) |
Type I pneumocyte Type II pneumocyte Macrophages |
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Type I pneumocyte: Made up of what tissue? Produces? on what? |
simple squamous epithelial tissue produces ACE (angiotension converting enzyme for renin) on a thin basal lamina surrounded by capillaries |
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Type II pneumocyte: tissues? produces? |
cuboidal epithelial cell surfactant
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Macrophages: common name - defense? activates? It is a ? |
Dust cells nonspecific second defense specific immunity Antigen presenting cell |
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Alveolar pores: function? (2) |
connect neighboring alveoli so air pressure can be equalized air has alternate routes if damage occurs to alveolar dicts |
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In aveolar sacs, oxygen diffuses into.... CO2? |
the capillaries alveoli |
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Barometric air pressure: Initials - what is it? Value? |
Pb pressure of gases exerted on body from outside air Pb = 0 |
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Alveolar pressure initials? where is it? When at rest... |
Palv within alveoli Palv = Pb |
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Pleural pressure: initials? within? is always less than... value? |
Ppl pleural cavity Alveolar & barometric pressures -5 cm H2O |
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Boyle's Law - |
The pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a given temperature. |
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Inspiration: active or passive? |
active
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Steps of inspiration: |
1. Chest cavity increases 2. lungs expand to 500 ml 3. pressure in intrapleural space drops by 1 cm H2O 4. Pressure in the lungs become negative compared to outside. 5. Pressure differences causes air to rush into the lungs. |
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Therefore, humans are a .... |
negative pressure process. |
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Process of exhalation - |
Diaphragm/chest cavity relax and goes back to normal. Lungs return to smaller size Pressure increase by 1 cm H2O in lungs Becomes positive compares to outside. Air rushes out of the lungs |
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Expiration - passive or active? |
passive. |
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2 Nerves for normal inspiration - |
Phrenic nerve Intercostal nerve. |
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Phrenic nerve - Intercostal nerve - therefore muscles for normal inspiration - |
Diaphragm external intercostals |
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Muscles of forced inspiration - |
sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, external intercostals, diaphragm |
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Muscles for forced expiration - |
internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, oblique and trasnversus abdominals, latissimus dorsi |
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Inspiration depends on (3) |
1. Lung compliacne 2. Airway resistance 3. surface tension. |
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Lung compliance : What is it? What is important? Is is opposed by? |
- ease with which lungs and thorax expand. - stretchiness / elasticity of lung tissue is important - by the elastic recoil force of the lung, or the tendency to resist expansion |
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Fibrosis - |
restrictive type of lung disease. Scar tissues is replacing normal lung tissue. It decreases lung compliance. Makes it harder to breath |
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Three examples of fibrosis disease - |
Pneumoconioses (black Lung), asbestoses, cystic fibroses |
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Fibrosis disease results in... (3) |
1. blockage of smaller respiratory passageways 2. Reduced surfactant 3. Decreased chest cavity flexibility. |
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Airway resistance: Greatest resistance occurs..? Decreases in... because of?
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Medium-sized bronchi terminal bronchioles because of the huge increase of cross sectional areas. |
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Bronchoconstrictors - |
bronchiole resistance can be increased. |
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Ex. of bronchoconstrictors - (4) |
irritants, histamine, leukotrienes, asthmas. |
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Bronchodilatros - |
epinephrine can decrease resistance. |
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Surface tension - |
the tendency of liquid molecules to get closer together |
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Surfactant - |
helps overcome this surface tension, so liquid lining insides of alveoli doesn’t get so close that lungs collapse. |
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Surfactant is produced... |
in developing fetus in adequate quantities by ~ 7 months |
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Airway resistance - |
obstructive disease |
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Three types of airway resistance diseases. |
1. COPD 2. Emphysema 3. Asthma. |
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Type of surface tension disease - |
IRDS - infant respiratory disease. |
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Respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata: |
2 Dorsal respiratory groups (DRG) 2 Ventral respiratory groups (VRG) |
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DRG: most neurons involved with? neuron impluses excite what nerve? |
inspiration phrenic nerve to exite the diaphragm. |
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Cessation of DRG nerve impulse allows.... |
expiration |
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VRG: Neurons active in.... More important in... stimulate what muscles? thought to be responsible for? |
both inspiration and expiration forced breathing external and internal intercostal and abdominal muscles basic rhythm of breathing. |
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Eupnea - |
normal respirtory rate/ rhythm. |
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Normal rate of inspiration - expiration - whole breath? breaths per minue? |
2 secs 3 secs 5 secs 12 breaths/min |
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Respiratory center in pons - |
Pontine Respiratory group (PRG) |
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PRG: function? Damage to PRG = |
smooth’s out the breathing pattern so that you’re not overinflating - you lose the ability to control overinflation - apneustic breathing. |
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Hypothalamus can affect ventilation through... |
through limbic system – emotion, pain; body temperature |
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Cerebral cortex can affect ventilation throughh - |
voluntary controls – singing, holding breath |
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Concentration of Chemicals of blood from most important to lease. |
CO2, O2, pH |
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CO2 is detected through - |
peripheral and central medullary chemoreceptors. |
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Irritants - most common? |
things in lungs in airway cig smoke. |
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Peripheral cehmoreceptors: located in which cranial nerves? Carry input to... monitors.. |
Aorta and carotid bodies 9,10 to the respiratory center in medulla oblongata. O2, CO2, H+ |
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Central chemoreceptors: located in...
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medulla oblongata |
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H+ - how they get into system |
detecetd by central chemorecptors. |
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CO2 diffuses.. |
from blood into CSF |
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Formula for central chemorecrptors.: |
CO2 + H2O <==> H2CO3 <==> H+ + HCO3 |
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increase of CO2 causes... what to ph? what to H+? what to O2? What to respiratory rate? |
decrease increase increase increase |
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Hypercapnia - Hypocapnia - |
high carbon dioxide low carbon dioxide |
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Hyperventilation - Hypoventilation - |
too much breathing; rate and depth increase not enough breathing; rate and depth decrease. |
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Apnea - |
not breathing. |
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Pneumothorax - Results in This is caused by: |
you get air in your chest cavity. Result in collapsed lung. A collapsed lung is caused by trauma. |
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The diffusion of gases is caused by |
the difference in the partial pressure of these gases. |
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Partial pressure of gases can be looked at as the same as? |
concentration |
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Why are the percentages in the alveoli different than those in the outside air and expired air? |
The residual volume left in the lungs and the mixing that goes on there. |
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Venous side - |
CO2 is higher; O2 is lower |
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Arterial side - |
equilibriate |
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4 Factors that affect gas movement through the respiratory membrane |
Partial pressure solubility of gas in H2O Surface area Respiratory membrane thickness |
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Order from most to lease soluble gases between N2, CO2, O2. |
CO2, O2, N2 |
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How surface area and gas exchange are related? |
increase in surface area = an increase in the gas exchange. |
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Emphysema - |
decrease surface area |
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Is a thin or thick membrane better for diffusion? |
thin |
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How each of these effect gas exchange: Scar tissue- Infection - mucous buildup - |
all decrease it |
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Ventilation Perfusion Coupling - |
Both bronchioles and arterioles alter their diameter for efficient gas exchange. |
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Normal oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation (saturation) curve. |
25% of hemoglobin's O2 is unloaded into tissues Venous blood has 75% O2 saturation. |
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How to increase hemoglobin's binding affinity for O2. |
Decrease temperature Decrease H+ Decrease PCO2 Decrease BPG |
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BPG = |
chemical produced in RBC's in glycolysis |
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How do decrease hemoglobin's binding affinity for O2. |
Partial pressure in cells is less that that in blood. Increase temperature Increase H+ Decreased pH increased CO2 concentration. Increased BGP |
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Decreasing Hb's binding affinity for O2 results in... |
O2 being released by hemoglobin and diffused into body cells. |
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Hypoxia - |
Inaduquate O2 delivery to body cells. |
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What is the NO link - |
nitric oxide link; hemoglobin picks up O2, nitirc oxide is secreted in lung as hemoglobim unloads O2, the release of NO will dilate blood vessels to make gas exchange. Hemoglobin picks up NO as it picks up CO2, and carries both back to lungs for expiration. |
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Distribution of Oxygen: |
1.5% in plasma 98.5% bonded to iron in heme. |
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Oxyhemoglobin - what is it and it's abbreivation deoxyhemoglobin - what is it and it's abbreviation |
When oxygen is bound - HbO2 when no oxygen is bound - HHb |
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Equation for RBC's for deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin. |
HHb + O2 <------>HbO2 + H+ |
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Distribution of Carbon Dioxide - |
7% dissolved in plasma 23% combines with amino acids of globin and forms carbaminoHb 70% forms bicarbinate in plasma or RBC's/ |
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The equation for regulating pH |
CO2 + H20 <==> H2CO3 <==> HCO3- + H+ |
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H2CO3 = |
carbonic acid |
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HCO3 = |
bicarbinate |
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The enzyme needed for previous reaction - |
carbonic anhydrase. |
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H+ has two fates: |
1. bind to hemoglobinm which enhances unloading of O2 2. taken up by proteins. |
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How HCO3 can maintain pH - |
HCO3- can react with H+ to remove H+ from the blood when it becomes too acidic. |
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How H2CO3 can maintain pH = |
H2CO3 can release H+ into the blood when the pH gets too basic. (alkaline) |
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Therefore, what in general regulates pH = |
breathing |
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All the different terms for gas exchange - |
Cellular respiration aerobic oxidative phosphorylation |
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Equation for Cellular respiration - |
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP |
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How are H+ and CO2 related? |
directly |
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acidosis = |
too much H+ and too much CO2, you need oxygen |