Anatomy Final Exam Flashcards

divides the body into anterior and posterior halves

divides the body into superior and inferior halves

divides the body into left and right halves

centered

offset from the center

front

back

above

below

towards the middle

away from the middle (towards the outside)

closest to the point of attachment

furthest from the point of attachment

toward the surface

away from the surface

skull

ear

base of the skull

shoulder region

sternum (right down the midline of the chest)

two regions lateral to the sternum (chest area)

vertebral column (right down the back)

upper arm (between the shoulder and the elbow)

point of the elbow

bottom of the arm (forearm)

below pectoral

lower portion of the spine; medial to abdominal

inferior to the lumbar region (in the center)

buttocks (lateral to the sacral region)

thigh

back of the knee

calf (lower leg)

eye

chin

neck (base of skull to deltoid)

armpit area

front of elbow

wrist (connects forearm to hand)

inferior to abdominal

groin, inferior and lateral to abdominal

directly inferior to pelvic

front of knee

ankle

covering/lining, protection, storage, movement, defense, attachment, and communication

the surrounding outer limits of a cell

where DNA is housed in the cell

substance in the cell that contains all other structures

phase of mitosis where the cells are resting and performing their jobs/not dividing

phase of mitosis where all DNA is condensed and packed into chromosomes

phase of mitosis when all chromosomes pair up down the center of the cell (gives the cell a way to equally split in half)

phase of mitosis when the chromosomes are pulled in opposite directions and the pairs split

phase of mitosis where the two chromosomes are all the way at other ends, almost completely apart

phase of mitosis where the cell splits into two separate daughter cells

means cells are not symmetrical

top surface of the epithelium

bottom surface of the epithelium

barrier layer prevents entry or exit of all molecules; secretion of molecules in one direction but not the other, and sensory of external environment

one cell layer thick

more than one cell layer thick

flat cells

square cells

tall cells

all cells contact the basement membrane but not all contact the apical surface in this type of epithelium

most superifical layer of the skin; stratified squamous epithelium; most of the superficial layer consists of dead skin cells filled with keratin

cells in the epidermis used for tactile perception (touch receptors)

cells in the epidermis used for immune response (to recognize pathogens)

cells in the epidermis that secrete melanin (skin pigment)

strata of the epidermis tha tis the most superficial; contains dead cells filled with keratin

strata of the epidermis that is only found in thick skin; looks clear as organelles are lost

strata of the epidermis where cells begin to flatten and produce keratin

strata of the epidermis where large polygonal cells are not attached to the basement membrane

strata of the epidermis that is the most deep; undergoes mitosis for the continuous supply of new cells

has all epidermal strata; found on palms of hands, soles of feet, and tips of fingers and toes; contains thicker stratum corneum relative to thin skin; has extra layers to provide protection against cuts, scrapes and abrasions; only contains sweat glands; majority is stratum corneum

contains only four layers (no stratum lucidum); smaller number of cell layers in the stratum corneum relative to thick skin; found covering the majority of body surfaces; may contain hair follicles, nails, and or glands

deep to the epidermis; contains a papillary and a reticular layer; contains blood vessels and nerves

layer of the dermis that contains ridges that interlock with corresponding ridges in the epidermis; thin; increases surface area

layer of the dermis that is thicker than the papillary layer; extensive network of collagen fibers to support tissue and contains elastin fibers to provide elasticity

deep to the skin (not a true part of the skin); connective tissue fibers interwoven with dermis fibers; contains adipocytes; extensive vasculature and nerve tissue

fat cells

accessory structures in the skin that cover and protect distal digits; derived from stratun corneum

epidermis that covers the base of the nail; where growth occurs

epidermis that is the stratum corneum under the free edge of the nail

downy hair that covers the fetus and disappears by birth

hair that replaces manugo; fine hair that covers most of the body except palms and soles

coarse hair that is found on the head, eyebrows, and eyelashes; after puberty, it is also found in the armpit, pubic, and facial regions

a deep invagination of the dermis where hair shaft is found

at the base of hte hair follicle and contains the cells essential for growth and maintenance of hair

muscle in the hair follicle that connects to the dermis; its contraction causes the hair to stand up, forming goose bumps

glands in hair that secrete an oily substance into the follicle to coat and protect the hair

protection; heat retention, facial expression, sensory reception, visual identification, and pheromone dispersal

glands that secrete oil directly into the hair follicle

glands that are widely distributed and exit the skin directly; prominent on palms of hands and soles of feet

glands only in specific locations, usually with terminal hair; secrete watery substances into the follicle

the most abundant and diverse tissue type in the body; all tissues that aren't epithelial, muscular, or nervous tissues are classified as this type

physical protection, support and structure, binding, storage, transport, and protection

adipose tissue is an example of this type of connective tissue; has fewer fibers and cells than dense connective tissue; located around and between organs and provides protection and support to underlying tissues

regular tissue is an example of this type of connective tissue; cells are fibers are densely packed, so it is more resistant to stress and pressure; it provides strength and flexibility; tendons and ligaments are good examples

blood is a good example of this type of connective tissue; watery consistency that contains many types of cells; helps supply the body with nutrients and removes waste products from tissues; also provides immune cells to all tissues

promote clotting when a vessel breaks to prevent excessive blood loss

bone that is filled with openings

bone that is the hard outer surface of the bone; no spaces are visible to the naked eye

hyaline is the best example of this type of connective tissue; no structured fibers are easily visible and teh cells are embedded ina glossy matrix; it provides protection to the end of bones to prevent damage

provides support for soft tissues, provides a gliding surface for mvoement, and develops cartilage templates that eventually grow into bones

the most abudant type of cartilage; found in many joints, such as legs, arms, and ribs

provides more support and strength than hyaline cartilage; found in ioints that require more protection from stress and compression (like between vertebrae and knees)

contains elastic fibers for flexibility; found in the ear and epiglottis

movement, hemopoeisis, support and protection, and mineral storage

synthesization of blood cells

example of this type of bone is the skull

examples of this type of bone are arms, legs, and fingers

examples of this type of bone are carpals and tarsals (cubed; as long as they are wide)

example of this type of bone is a vertebra (all bones that don't fit into other categories)

end of a long bone

growth plate in a long bone

shaft/long hollow part of a long bone that contains marrow

blood cells are made here int he bone marrow

compose compact bone

a canal in an osteon in compact bone that houses blood vessels and nerves

surrounds the osteon; contains collagen fibers

small holes in the compact bone that hold osteocytes, which maintain the bone

small canals that connect neighboring osteocytes in compact bones

line the outside of hte bone and secrete new bone

mature osteoblasts that are trapped within the bone

large, multinucleate cells that resorb or destroy bone

large, smooth rounded articulating oval structure

small, flat, shallow articulating surfaceq

prominent, round epiphysis

smooth, grooved, pulley-like articular process

deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible

flattened or shallow depression

narrow groove

projection adjacent to the condyle

low ridge

any marked bony prominence

angular extension

pointed, slender process

massive, rough projection found only in the femur

small, round projection

large, rough projection

passageway through a bone

narrow, slit-like opening through a bone

rounded passageway through a bone

cavity or hollow space in a bone

excitability/responsiveness, contractility, elasticity, and extensibility

movement, maintenance of posture, temperature regulation, storage and movement of materials, and support of underlying tissues

connective tissue that surrounds the muscles

subregions of muscles

connective tissue layer that covers the fascicles

the cells that make up the muscle

connective tissue layer that surrounds the muscle fibers

compose the muscle fibers

striations in the myofybrils, which are the units of muscle contraction

make up the myofibrils; strands of proteins used for muscle contraction; thin and thick filaments that create the striations of the sarcomere

type of muscles where the fascicles are at an oblique angle to the tendon (feather like, hamstrings and quadriceps)

type of muscle where fascicles are parallel to the tendon (Example is the abdominal muscles)

type of muscles where the fascicles converge at a single point; fan shaped, pectoralis and temporalis muscles

type of muscle where fascicles are in concentric circles, so it looks like there is no beginnings and no end (sphincters, mouth, and eyes)

where the muscle originates, and this point remains stationary during contraction

the bone that makes the movement in response to th emuscle contraction

muscle that forms the heart; striated and branched; shorter and thicker than skeletal muscle fibers; involuntary, connected by intercalated discs

discs that connect the muscle cells of cardiac muscle; made of protein and the plasma membrane of other cells

muscle found surrounding hollow tissues such as the GI tract and blood vessels, individual cells are spindle shaped, not striated, fibers are short and have a small diameter; involuntary

part of the nervous system that contains the brain and spinal cord

part of the nervous system that contains the nerves outside the central nervous system

division of the nervous system that receives sensory inputs and transmits them to the CNS for processing

componen of the sensory division of the nervous system that receives input from the exernal environment

component of the sensory division of the nervous system that receives input from the organs and viscera of hte body

this division of hte nervous system transmits the response of the body from sensory inputs to muscles or glands

component of the motor division of hte nervous system that shows voluntary responses through skeletal muscles

division of the motor division of the nervous system that shows involuntary responses through cardiac and smooth muscles or glands

polarized cells that transmit signals in one direction

process of a neuron that receives input from the environment or other neurons

process of the neuron that tramsmits the signal received by neurons or effectors; there is normally only one but it can have branches, and is normally the largest process of ht eneuron

type of neuron that has a single process tha tbranches; largest branch is the axon and smaller branches are dendrites; most sensory neurons

type of neuron that has one axon and one dendrite, each may branch; very rare

type of neuron that contains a single axon but many dendrites; most common type; motor neurons are multipolar

the support cells of the nervous system

most abundant type of glial cells in the CNS; many projections; found int he brain and form the blood brain barrier; control what enters and exits the fluid and provides structure; divide to occupy tne empty space from neuronal death; and secrete chemicals to aid in devleopment and functions of the CNS

glial cells in the CNS that are a simple cuboidal epithelial layer that line the ventricles of the brain and secrete cerebrospinal fluid

cells in the ependymal cells that secrete cerebrospinal fluid

glial cells in the CNS that are small in size and number; they contain small proejctions and clean up the CNS by phagocytization

glial cells of the CNS that are large cells with processes that wrap around axons to speed neuronal impulses (myelinate the neurons)

glial cells of hte PNS that surround and protect the cell body in a ganglion

group of neuronal cell bodies

glial cells of the PNS that wrap around the axons and act like the oligodendrocytges in the central nervous system

front region of hte brain

back region of hte brain

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and branstem

matter of hte brain that contains the cell bodies of neurons, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons; darker and more dense, usually on the outside of hte brain

matter int he brain that contains the myelinated axons of neurons and has a more pale appearance

central ventricle int he brain

inferior ventricle in the brain

functions int he brain and spinal cord like blood throughout the body; secreted by the choroid plexus; provides buoyancy and cushion for the brain; transports nutrients, signals, and waste products within the CNS

largest of all brain regions; divided into left and right hemispheres; has 5 lobes; responsible for conscious thought processes and original of all complex intelectual functions

left and right hemispheres are divided by this structure in the cerebrum

halves of the cerebrum are connected by this structure

lobe of the cerebrum that lies under the frontal bone; most rostral region that is responsible for voluntar motor functions, concentration, and verbal communication; contains the precentral gyrus and premotor cortex

structurein the frontal lobe responsible for coordinating learned motor activities

lobe of hte cerebrum that lies iunder the parietal bone; involved in most sensory functions; contains the postcentral gyrus and somatosensory associaiton area

responsible for integrating and interpreting sensory experience

lobe of hte cerebrum that lies under the temporal bone; involved in hearing, interpreting, speech, language, and smell; contains the primary auditory cortex and olfactory cortex

lobe of hte cerebrum that lies under the occipital bone; processes visual information and stores visual memories

lobe of the cerebrum that is deep to the lateral sulcus on the interior; appears to be involved in memory and taste; contains the gustatory cortex

a group of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

nucleus that runs inferior to the lateral ventricles; responsible for motor neuron stimulation

nucleus that controls emotions, behavior, and moods

nucleus that controls subconscious muscle movement and thalamic control

nucleus that controls subconscious visual information and is found between the lentiform nucleus and the outer region of hte insula

contains three regions, the thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus

region of the diencephalon that responds to odors

region of the diencephalon that is the primary site of all sensory input; filters input before relaying to the somatosensory cortex

most anterior and slightly inferior regon of hte diencephalon; that controls the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system, body temperature, emotional behavior, eating, water/hydration, and the sleep wake cycle

connects the diencephalon and cerebrum to the spinal cord; is a bidirectional passadgeway for neuron projections; has three major regions, the mesencephalon, the pons, and the medulla oblongata

the most superior region of the brainstem; contains visual and auditory reflex centers, helps relay motor output to skeletal muscles, and integrates involuntary muscles

the two broad edges on the anterior border of the mesencephalon

the most posterior region of hte mesencephalon

the aqueduct in the mesencephalon that is continuous with the ventricles of hte brain

part of hte brainstem inferir to the mesencephalon; major site of breathing regulation; posterior edge contains part of hte fourth ventricle

part of hte brainstem that is just inferior to the pons; the posterior region contains part of hte fourth ventricle; region of the brain where left and right tracts cross; contains manjy centers that regulat vital functions (Cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory, sneezing, coughing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, vomiting)

part of hte medulla oblongata that contain olivary nuclei

place in the medulla oblongata where the left and right tracts of the brain cross

located posterior to the pons; has left and right hemispheres; the main function is to fine tune motor responses to produce fluid movements; maintains psture and balance by adjusting motor responses

connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebellum

separates the anterior and posterior lboes of each hemisphere in the cerebellum

olfactory nerve; sensory only (sense of smell); only nerves that regularly regenerate over time

optic nerve; sensory only (Sense of sight/vision); connects to eyes and crosses right down the center of hte brain

occulomotor nerve; motor function in moving the eyes (innervates three rectus muscles and 1 oblique muscle; helps close eyelids and dilate pupils

Trochlear nerve; motor only (innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye); comes out just lateral to the pons

Trigeminal nerve; contains three branches that innervate the face

branch of the trigeminal nerve that has a sensory function to innervate the forehead, eye, and bridge of hte nose

branch of the trigeminal nerve that has a sensory function to innervate the balls of the cheeks, maxillae, and the rest of hte nose

branch of the trigeminal nerve that has both sensory and motor functions because it innervates the mandible and the muscles of chewing

abducens nerve; innervates the fourth rectus muscle of hte eye

facial nerve; between the pons and the medulla oblongata; has both sensory and motor functions (Senses taste from the atnerior two thirds of the tongue and innervates the facial muscles for expressions; also innervates glands)

Vestibulocochlear nerve; main cranial nerve responsible for both hearing and balance (sensory only); betweem the pons and medulla; has two branches (vestibular branch-balance and cochlear branch-hearing)

Glossopharyngeal nerve; has both sensory and motor functions to sense taste for the posterior one third of hte tongue and salivation, and motor innervates the pharyngeal muscles to aid in swallowing

vagus nerve; has both sensory and motor functions; extends to all internal organs to sense whats going on inside hte body (visceral sensory information); mtor function to part of hte pharynx and smooth muscles of all internal organs

accessory nerve; on the medulal oblongata; motor only to innervate the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscles

hypoglossal nerve; motor only to aid in moving the tongue

divided into five regions; runs through the vertebral foramina of the vertebrae

part of the spinal cord that is inferior ot the coccygeal region and extends to the coccyx

the end of hte true spinal cord that links to the cauda equina

anchors the spinal cord to the coccygeal vertebrae

layers of connective tissue or spaces surrounding the spinal cord neurons; epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid, subarachnoid space and pia mater

connects the two halves of gray matter in the spinal cord

region of gray matter int he spinal cord that contains the sensory nuclei

region of gray matter in the spinal cord that contains the motor nuclei

ganglion on the posterior root that contains sensory PNS cells

branches off the anterior ramus and connects to the sympathetic trunk ganglion (contains sympathetic neuron cell bodies)

a map that approximate the area of skin from whch each spinal nerve receives sensory input

spinal nerves that receive from the atnerior legs and lower back

spinal nerves that receive from the psoterior legs

spinal nerves that receive from the chest and abdomen

spinal nerves that contain the anterior rami of T1-T12; innervate the intercostal muscles and receive sensory input from the chest walls; T7-T12 also innervate the abdominal muscles and abdominal skin

a group of nerves

plexus only considered to contain C1-C4 with a minor contribution from C5

8

12

5

5

1

contains axons from C3 - C5 and innervates the diaphragm

plexus that contains nerves C5 through T1; innervates the arms; nerves from this plexus join tof orm lateral, posterior and medial cords around the scapula; has five main branches

nerve that innervaets the upper arm; sensory on the lateral forearm

nerve that innervates the atnerior forearm muscles and lateral hand muscles; sensory on the lateral half of palms and backside of hte finger tip

nerve that innervates the posterior forearm and upper arm sensory in the same area

nerve that innervates the ulnar side of the arm and is sensory in the pinky and ring fingersq

nerve that innervates the shoulder and is sensory in the same region

plexus that contains nerves L1 through L5 and has two main branches

nerve that inntervates the anterior thigh muscles; sensory in the anterior thigh and medial calf

nerve that is motor and sensory in the medial thigh muscles

plexus that contains nerves L4 through S4; has two main branches

nerve that innervates the posterior muscles of hte thigh and calf; is sensory on the plantar surface of the foot

nerve that branche sinto superificla and deep branche snear the lateral knee

branch of hte fibular nerve thatinnervates the lateral calf muscles' sensory here and on the dorsal surface of hte foot

branch of the fibular nerve that innervates the anterior calf muscles and is sensory between the first and second toes

nervous system that is conscious and voluntary;t he motor neuron extends from the spinal cord directly to its effectors, which are skeletal muscles

nervous system that is unconscious/involuntary; motor nejuron extends from the spinal cord to a second neuron through a ganglion; effectors are smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

division of the autonomic nervous system that is rest and digest; maintains homeostasis; does not have cell bodies int he sympathetic trunk ganglion; long first projection and short second projection; minimal or no axon divergence; includes cranila nerve III, VII, IX, and X

division of the autonomic nervous system that is rfight or flight; has a short first projection and long second projection; extensive axon divergence that allows activation of many systems from a single stimula; cell bodies located in lateral horns of T1-L2

central region of the eye

eye color

white portion of the eye

thin epithelium that covers the sclera of hte eyeq

structure of hte eye that covers the lens and iris

tunic of the eye that is the outer layer and contains the cornea and sclera

tunic of the eye that is the cnetral layer and contains the choroids, cilitary body and iris

muscle in the pupil whose fibers project from the outside to the inside of the iris and its contraction makes the pupil larger

muscle in the pipil tha tis a ceoncentric circle and its contraction makes pupil smaller

tunic of the eye that is also called the retina; contains the neurons used to receive light; extensive blood vessels cover the outer layer of the retina

the region of hte cornea where th e optic nerve fibers exit the eye; called the blind spot because there is no vision here

a small depression in the retina that is the area of sharpest vision

more numerous neurons int he neural layer that receive light and focus in low light; have less visual acuity and color clarity

neurons in the neural layer that require intense light for function; are most concentrated in the fovea centralis and are sparse or absent in the anterior portions of the retina; provide color

part of hte ear that contains the auricle, exernal auditory canal, and tympanic membrane

funnel-like structure of the external ear

part of hte external ear that is known as the eardrum; separates the exernal and middle ear

part of the ear that contains the auditory ossicles

part of the ear that is separated from the middle ear by the oval window; contains structures for hearing and equilibrium reception

the auditory tube connects this part of the ear to the outside via the nost; auditory ossicles are suspended here;

this part of the ear is surrounded by the bony labyrinth, that covers the membranous labyrinth, that contains endolymph; has three main regions, the vesstibule, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea

direct rotational movement in the inner ear

1membranous labyrinth in this structure in the cochlea is involved in sound perception

vibration of the hair cells are covered by this membrane in the cochlea

carry blood away from the heart

carry blood towards the heart

consists of the cham bers on the right side of the heart as well as the pulmonary arteries and veins; conveys blood to the lungs via pulmonary arteries to reduce carbon dioxide and replenish oxygen levels; return to the left side of the heart

contains the chambers on the left side of the heart along with all the other named blood vessels; carries blood to all the peripheral organs and tissue sof hte body; blood tha tis high in oxygen is puumped into the aorta, then gas exchange occurs; these veins carry the blood to the superior and inferior vena cavae. which drain blood into the right atrium

the posteriosuperior surface of the heart that is formed primarily by the left atrium

the inferior conical end of the heart

the fluid filled sac surrounding the heart that restricts heart movements os tha tit doesnt bounce and move about and prevents it from overfilling with blood; hast wo main components

the outer portion of hte pericardium that is a dense connective tissue layer

the inner portion of the pericardium that is a thin double llayered serous membrane that has two layers

layer of the serous pericardium that lines the inner surface of hte fibrous pericardium

layer of hte serous periocardium that covers the outside of the heart

the outermost heart layer and is also known as the visceral layer of the serous pericardium; composed of a serous membrane and aerolar connective tissue

the middle layer of the heart wall that is the actual cardiac muscle; is the thickest

the internal surface of the heart and the external surface of the heart valves; composed of a simple squamous epithelium and a layer of areolar connective tissue

thin walled chambers within the heart located superiorly; the right receives blood from the systemioc circuit and the left receives blood from the pulmonary circuit

the inferior chambers of the heart; the two large arteries, the pulmonary trunk goes in to the right and the aorta goes from the left

receives blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and superior regions of the trunk; empties into the right atrium

receives blood from the lower limbs and trunk; emptiees into the right atrium

drains blood from the heart wall and empties into the right atrium

receives deoxygenated venous blood from the right atrium

receives venous blood from the systemic circuit

marks the end of the right ventricle and the entrance into the pulmonary trunk

divides shortly into the left and right pulmonary arteries, whcih carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

circulation that consist of the blood vessels that extend to and from the body

circulation that consists of blood vessels that extend to and from the lungs for the purpose of gas exchange

become progressively smaller as they divide and are farther from the heart

become progessively larger as they merge and are closer to the heart

tunic of the heart that is composed of endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer of areolar connectie tissue;l is the innermost layer

the middle tunic of the blood vessel; composed of circularly arra ged layers of smooth uscles cells and is involutnary; thicker in arteries

the outermost layer of blood vessel wall; cmoposed of an aerola connective tissue that contains elastic fibersl helps anchor the vessel to other structures; thickest in veins

the smallest blood vessels; tha t connect arterioles to venules; most consists solely of a tunica interna; optimal for diffusion of ghases and nuitrients between blood in the ccapillaries and body tissue

a vessel branch of an arteriole that feeds the capillary beds

the most common t ype of capillaries; have a completely continious lining and are connected by tight junctions; foun din muscle skin and teh thuymus

type of capillary that has holes within each endothelial cell; the basement membrane remins continuous; seen where a great deal of fluid transport between the blood and interstitial fluid occurs (small intestine)

capillaries that have larger gapsl their basement memb rane is either discontinuous or absent; wider larger vesselss with openings that allow for transport of larger materials such as proteins or cells

the smallest veins; companoin vessels with arterioles since both sipply the same areas and are of similar size; merge to form veins

smaller and medium sized veins that typically travel with muscular artiers; while larger veins travel with elastic arties;

fluid and nutrient transport, lymphocyte development, and immuner esponse

structures in the lymphatic system that transport dietary lipids

any substances abnormal to the body

proteins that bind to and immobilize foreign or abnormal agent, damaging it or identifying it to other elements of hte immune sytem

found among most blood capillary networks; lacteals are this type; lymp vessels that pick up interstitial fluid and dietary lipids and vitaminsl the lymph of this area is called chyle and it has a milky color

vessels formed from the merging of lymphatic capiullaries; resemble small veins that contain three tunics and valves

bring lymph to a lymph node, where it is filtered

lymph exits the lymph node through these vessels once it is filtered

trunks that drain lymph from the head and neck

trunks that drain lymph from the upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thoracic wall

trunks that drain lymph from the deep thoracic structures

trunks that drain lymph from the abdominal structures

trunks that drain lymph from the lower limbs, abdominopelvic wall, and pelvic organs

ducts that receive lymph from the lymphatic trunks

duct that returns lymph into the junction of the right subclavian and the right internal jugular vein; receives lymph from the lymphatic trunks that drain the right side of the head and neck, right iupper limb, and right side of the thorax

lymphatic duct that travels superiorly and p-asses through the aortic opening of hte diaphragm, and then ascends to the left of the vertebral body midline; drains lymph into the junction of the elft and right subclavian and the left internal jugular veins

lymphatic nodules that are locate din the lamina propria and detect antigens and initiate an immune response

oval clusters of lymphatic cells that are not surrou ded by a connective tissue capsule

the center of a lypmhatic nodule that contains b lymphocytes and some macrophages

lymphatic cells that are completley surrounded by a connective tissue capsule

bilobed organ that contains t lymphocytes that do not participate in the immuner esponse and are protected from antigens in the body by a well formed blood organ barrier

small round lymphatic organs that are located alon ght epathways of lymph vessels; primary function is to filter antigens from lymph and initiate an immune response when necessary

lymph nodes found in the breast, axilla, and upper limb

lymph nodes that reveive lymph from the lower limb and pelvis

lymph nodes that receive lyumph from the head and neck

initiates an immune response when antigens foun din blood, serves as a reservoir for blood, kills old blood

pulp associated with the arterial supply of the spleen

pulp associated wtih the venous supply of the spleen

oringinates at the tubular poile of the renal corpuscle and is lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium; cells actively reabsorb almost all ntrueitsn, electrolytes, and any plasma proteins fcrom the tubular fluid; solutes and water are returned ot the vascular system via the peritubular capillaries

facilitate the reabsorption of water and solutes frmo the tubular fluid

oringinates int he renal cortex; secrete ions sucn as potassium and acid into the tubular fluidl reabsorbs water