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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anatomy (Regional) |
The scientific study of the structures of the body and the relationship of these structures to one another. |
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Radiopaque |
White image on x-ray, dense tissue or bone that absorbs more rays |
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Radiolucent |
Black image on x-ray, a tissue or organ of lower density, allows more rays to pass through it |
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MRI |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging. SNo radiation, preferable to x-ray. Better to distinguish soft tissue (i.e. ligaments and muscles) |
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Sagittal Plane |
Divide body into left and right parts |
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Median Plane |
Divides body into EQUAL left and right parts. Only one of these planes in the body, but also could be "median plane of hand/foot" |
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Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) |
Divides the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) parts. No median plane. |
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Transverse Plane (Axial Plane) |
Divides the body into superior (cranial) and inferior (caudal) parts, cross sections. |
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Rotation |
Movement in the Transverse Plane |
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Longitudinal Section |
Can be cut in the median, sagittal or coronal planes. |
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Laterality: Unilateral, Bilateral, Ipsilateral, and Contralateral |
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Flexion and Extension |
Always done in the SAGITTAL PLANE. Flexion=Anterior, Extension=Posterior (except knee) |
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Abduction and Adduction |
Always done in the CORONAL PLANE. |
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Pronation and Supination |
Only in the forearm |
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Circumduction |
Combination of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction. |
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Special movements of the Thumb |
Thumb is rotated 90 degrees so movements are a bit different. |
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Abduction and Adduction of the DIGITS |
All in relation to middle finger |
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Other weird movements |
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Axial Skeleton vs. Appendicular Skeleton. Cartilage |
Axial=yellow (protects vital things) Appendicular- purple, includes scapula and clavicle. Costal cartilage-ribs Articular cart- joints
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Functions of Bones |
-Protection of vital organs -Structural support of body -Acts as levers for muscles to produce movement -Reservoir for calcium and phosphorous -Contains marrow where blood cells form |
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Types of Bones (3) |
1. Spongy bone (trabecular, cancellous) 2. Compact bone (cortical, dense) 3. Medullary (marrow) cavity
Red marrow- active in blood formation (kids) Yellow marrow- inert and fatty |
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Long Bone |
Humerus, phalanges, clavicle etc |
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Short Bone |
tarsals, carpals |
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Flat Bones |
Some cranial vault bones, ribs, sternum |
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Irregular Bone |
Vertebrea, sphenoid |
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Sesamoid Bone |
Patella (develop within tendons) |
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Pneumatic bones |
Mastoid part of temporal bone, paranasal sinus, filled with air. Mostly in the skull to lighten the weight. |
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Accessory (supernumerary) Bones |
In Foot |
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Elevations (bones markings) |
Crest Trochanter Line Tubercle Protuberance Tuberosity Epicondyle Malleolus Spine Process
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Depressions (bone markings) |
Fossa Grooce Notch |
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Articulations |
Condyle Facet
Where two bones meet, very smooth from rubbing by articulate cartilage. |
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Holes |
Foramen (pl/ foramina) |
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Ossification |
Process of bone formation |
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Osteoblast |
Bone forming cells |
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Osteocytes |
bones cells |
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Osteoclasts |
bone resorption cells |
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Chondrocytes |
cartilage cells |
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Chondroblasts |
cartilage forming cells |
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Intramembranous Ossification (Direct Ossification) |
Mesenchyme (embryological tissue)--->Bone
Rapid Process Flat bones of the skull only |
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Endochondral Ossification (indirect ossification) |
Mesenchyme (embryological tissue)---> Cartilage---->Bone
Slower Process Most bones |
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Endochondral Ossification Ctn. |
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Bone Growth (general understanding) |
The DIAPHYSIS grows at the region of the growth plate and METAPHYSIS by proliferation of cartilage. Eventually bone replaces cartilage at growth plate; growth ceases and diaphysis fuses with epiphysis- SYNOSTOSIS. |
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Timeline of endochondral ossificaiton |
Also, generally, females fuse before males.
Short bones develop the same except no secondary center (except in foot) |
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Q: Why endochondral ossification? Why not have cells at the ends of the bones to produce growth? |
Moving joint would damage growing tissue, and the bone must be capable of supporting loads. |
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Vascular and Innervation of Bone |
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Upper Limb |
-freely mobile organ or manual activity -Not weight bearing; stability lost for mobility -Divided-shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist and hand. |
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Scapula (anterior) |
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Scapula (posterior) |
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Scapula w/origins and insertions |
Origins- red Insertions-blue |
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Clavicle (fractures) |
Commonly fractured: indirectly- force transmitted thru upper limb or directly-falling onto shoulder. When fractured, sternocleidomastoid muscle pulls medial part superiorly and lateral part (and shoulder) droops |
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Clavicle Picture |
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Humerus (anterior) |
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Humerus (posterior) |
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Ulna (medial) and Radius (lateral) Proximal End |
Ulna is more stationary |
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Ulna and Radius Distal End |
Pronated |
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Wrist and Hand |
Phalanges: Proximal, Middle, Distal Metacarpals: 1=thumb, pollex, 5=pinky (digiti minimi) Carpals: 8 (next card)
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Carpal Bones |
So Long To Pinky, Here Comes the Thumb, makes a C. Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, and Trapezium. |