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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Histology
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Microscopic study of tissues
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Biopsy
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Removing tissue samples surgically or with a needle for diagnostics
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Endoderm
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The inner layer
-lines the digestive tracts |
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Mesoderm
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The middle layer
-Forms tissues such as muscles, bones, and blood vessels |
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Ectoderm
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The outer layer
-Forms the skin -Part of ectoderm becomes the nervous system (neuroectoderm) |
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Neurectoderm
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tissues of the nervous system
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Neural Crest Cells
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Groups of cells that break away from the neuroectoderm during development.
-Contributes to Peripheral nerves, skin pigment, and medulla of the adrenal gland |
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Epithelium
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Protective tissues
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Basement Membrane
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Extracellular material secreted by the epithelial cells and connective tissue cells.
-Helps attach epithelial cells to underlying tissues |
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Free Surface
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Epithelial cells not attached to other cells
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3 types of Epithelium layers
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Simple Epithelium - Single layer of cells
Stratified Epithelium - More than one layer of cells Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium - "Pseudo" = False, This looks like it is stratified but is not. |
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Simple Epithelium
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One layer of cells, each cell extends from basement membrane to the free surface
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Stratified Epithelium
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More than one layer of cells, with basal layer attaching deepest layer to basement membrane
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
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Is simple, Pseudo = false.
-Appears stratified but isn't -A single layer of cells -All cells attach to basement membrane |
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3 Shapes of Epithelial cells
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Squamous - flat
Cuboidal - cube shaped Columnar - rectangular or elongated |
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5 Functions of Epithelial Cells
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-Protecting underlying structures
-Acting as barriers -Permitting the passage of substances -Secreting substances -Absorbinb substances |
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Desmosomes
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A weak binding between cells
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Hemidesmosomes
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Attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane
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Glands
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Secretory organs
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Exocrine glands
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Glands with ducts lined with epithelium
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Endocrine Glands
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Glands without ducts
-contains extensive blood vessels in the connective tissue in the glands |
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Hormones
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Cellular products of endocrine glands
-Secretes into blood to be carried through the body to cause a function |
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Exocrine glands primarily composed of...
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Multicellular glands, few are unicellular
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Goblet Cells
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Epithelieal cell that produces mucus
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Simple Glands
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Glands that have ducts with few branches
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Compound Glands
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Glands that have ducts with many/repeated branches
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Acini
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Sac structure looks like grapes
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Alveoli
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Hollow sacs in glands
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Merocrine Glands
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Glands that secreet products with no loss to cells
-Example: Sweat Glands |
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Apocrine Glands
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Contributes part of cytoplasm with it's secretion
-Example: Mammary Glands |
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Holocrine Glands
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Secretes entire cells
-Example: When a cell ruptures and dies |
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7 Functions to Connective Tissue
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-Enclosing and Separating
-Connecting tissues to each other -Supporting and moving -Storing -Cushioning and insulating -Transporting -Protecting |
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Connective Tissue - Enclosing and Separating
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Forms layers that seperate and surround organs
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Connective Tissue - Connecting to each other
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Tendons that attache muscle to bone and ligaments that hold bones together.
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Connective Tissue - Supporting and Moving
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-Bones provide support, cartilage supports structures such as the nose and ears.
-Joints provide movement |
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Connective Tissue - Storing
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Bones that store calcium and phosphate
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Connective Tissue - Cushioning and Insulating
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Adipose tissue (fat) cushions insulates layers under the skin and provides cushion and protection to the tissue it surrounds
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Connective Tissue - Transporting
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Blood transports gases, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, and cells
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Connective Tissue - Protecting
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-Cells in the immune system and blood provide protection against toxins and bacteria
-Bones protect structures from injuries |
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Fibroblast
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Cells that form fibrous connective tissue
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Fibrocytes
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Maintains fibrous connective tissue
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Blasts and Cytes
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Blast - builds
Cyte - maintains |
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Mast Cell
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Cells that contain chemicals: heparin and histamines, which are released in response to an injury
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3 Major Components of Extracellular Matrix
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-Protein fibers
-Ground substances containing non-fibrous protein or molecules -fluid |
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3 Types of Protein Fibers
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Collagen - 6% of total body weight, bonds to create ropelike helix's. (about 25 types of collagen chains)
Reticular - very fine collagen fibers Elastic - has proteins called Elastin, can stretch then return to original size |
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Proteoglycan Monomer
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Large molecule consisting of 80 - 100 Polysaccharides
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Connective tissue is...
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2 types - Embryonic and
Adult Connective tissue... is abundant and found in every organ. consists of cells separated by extracellular matrix. |
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2 types of Connective tissues
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Embryonic and Adult connective tissues
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Embryonic connective tissue
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aka Mesenchyme, makes up mucous, encloses organs, connects tissues together, tendons & ligaments.
Supports movements |
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Cells of connective tissues
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Specialized cells produce the extracellular matrix
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Blasts, Cytes, Clasts
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Blasts - creates the matrix
Cytes - maintains the matrix Clasts - breaks down matrix |
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Macrophage
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Phagocytizes (provides protection)
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Stem cells have potential...
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stem cells have potential to differential to adult cell types
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Tendons & ligaments
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resists stretching;
Tendons - muscle to bone Ligaments - bone to bone |
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Adipocytes (fat cells)
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Connective tissue w/ special properties: Adipose
Predominent cells are adipocytes. 2 types - Yellow and brown |
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Yellow & Brown Adipocytes
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Yellow is most abundant, yellow is from carotene.
Brown is found in Neck, kidneys, and axillae (armpit). Is more abundant in infants |
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Hyaline
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cartilage
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cancellous bone
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spongy part of bone
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Erythrocytes & Leukocytes
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Erythrocytes - Red blood cells
-Out numbers white blood cells 700-1000:1 Leukocytes - White blood cells -responds to injury & fights bacteria |
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Hemopoietic tissue
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found in bone marrow
forms blood cells |
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2 types of bone marrow
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Red & Yellow
Yellow - Adipose tissue Red - forms red blood cells -Hemopoietic tissue surrounded by a framework of reticular fiber that produce red and white cells |