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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell Division
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Process by which a cell reproduces itself that consists of a nuclear division (mitosis) and a cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis); types include somatic and reproductive cell division.
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Cell Biology
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The study of cellular structure and function.
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Genes
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Biological units of heredity; a segment of DNA located in a definite position on a particular chromosome; a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA.
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Ion Channels
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Pores or holes through which specific ionis, such as potassium ions, can flow to get into or out of the cell. Most are selective, allowing only a single type of ion to pass through.
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Selective Permeability
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The property of a membrane by which it permits the passage of certain substances but restricts the passage of others.
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Concentration Gradient
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A difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another, such as from the inside to the outside of the plasma membrane.
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Electrical Gradient
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A difference in electrical charges between two regions.
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Membrane Potential
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A charge difference that occurs across the plasma membrane.
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Tonicity
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A measure of the solution's ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content.
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Isotonic Solution
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Any solution in which a cell maintains its normal shape and volume.
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Hypotonic Solution
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Solution that causes cells to swell and perhaps rupture due to gain of water by osmosis.
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Hypertonic Solution
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Solution that that causes cells to shrink due to loss of water by osmosis.
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Intravenous (IV) Solutions
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Liquids infused into the blood of a vein (isotonic).
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Facilitated Diffusion
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A solute binds to a specific transporter on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side after the transporter undergoes a change in shape.
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Active Transport
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The movement of substances across all cell membranes against a concentraion gradient, requiring the expenditure of cellular energy (ATP).
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Tay-Sachs Disease
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Most often affecting children of eastern Eurpoean Jewish descent - this inherited condition is characterized by the absence of a single lysosomal enzyme called Hex A.
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Genetic Code
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The set of rules that relate the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding codons of RNA and the amino acids they specify.
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Transcription
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DNA -> RNA... the genetic information represented by the sequence of base triplets in DNA serves as a template for copying the information into a complementary sequence of codons (RNA).
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Translation
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The nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein. Carried out by ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
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Werner Syndrome
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A rare, inherited disease that causes rapid acceleration of aging, usually while the person is only in his or her twenties.
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Cancer
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A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled or abnormal cell proliferation.
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Tumor
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The excess tissue that develops when cells in a part of the body divide without control.
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Malignancy
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A cancerous neoplasm (or tumor).
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Benign Tumor
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A neoplasm that does not metastasize. Example: a wart.
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Epidemiology
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Study of the occurrence and transmission of diseases and disorders in human populations.
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Pharmacology
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The science of the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease.
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Anaplasia
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The loss of tissue differentiation and function that is characteristic of most malignancies.
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Atrophy
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A decrease in the size of cells, with a subseequent decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ; wasting away.
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Dysplasia
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Alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells due to chronic irritation or inflammation; may progress to neoplasia (tumor formation, usually malignant) or revert to normal if the irritation is removed.
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Hyperplasia
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Increase in the number of cells of a tissue due to an increase in the frequency of cell division.
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Hypertrophy
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Increase in the size of cells without cell division.
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