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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Franz Boas |
"Father of Anthro" Created 4 subfields: Archaeology, Cultural Ant, Biological Ant, Linguistics, Applied Ant |
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Ethnology |
Interprets work of ethnography |
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Rapport |
Personal connection |
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Archaeological Field Methods |
Artifacts: object used by humans Feature: non-movable object (wall) Site: Place containing remains of human activities (artifacts/features) Excavation: Determine exact horizontal and vertical location of artifact |
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Effects of field work |
Wealth, Jealousy, Envy Recognition, esteem |
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IRB |
Institutional Review Board prevents unethical research (Nazis) |
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Female Circumcision |
Cultural: Circumcision marks adulthood. Full memebr of society. Fertility Ethnocentric: Mutilations and denies sexuality. Human rights denied |
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Primitive Culture |
Tylor Culture is learned/acquired- not biological |
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Integration |
If one persons culture changes, they all do |
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Diffusion |
Borrowing traits between cultures |
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Acculturation |
Prolonged direct contact results Fusion: American melting pot ideology Extinction: Yanamamo dying at a rate of 10% a year |
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John Locke |
"An Empty Cabinet" New born human is blank slate |
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Enculturation |
Acquiring a particular Culture Child learns culture |
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Self-Awarness |
ABility to identify oneself as an object/react to self |
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Rites of Passage |
Socialization happens during biological and social changes Movement of importance in the world Seperation, transition/liminality, incorporation |
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Seperation |
Circumcised Village meeting place Pain shows adulthood |
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Transition/Liminality |
Put into seclusion for 1 month Shows they can provide for household 9 months later: Re-born |
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Incorporation |
Presetent themselves at market to show potential to be a spouse |
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
Language is shaping force to guide our way of thinking and behaving |
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Longitudinal Research |
Long lasting research Jane Goodall Frank Hamilton Cushing |
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Lowland Gorrila |
Extinct because of warfare and potching |
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Primate Characteristics |
1. Limbs/Locamotion: Sitting, standing; 5 digits 2. Diet/Dentition and senses: Fruits, bugs, meat; Intelligence 3. Behavior: Fetal nourishment and care; Depend on learned behaviors |
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Chimps/Gorillas |
Were pongidae Now Hominid |
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Hylobatidae |
Gibbons and Slamangs Monogamous for life |
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Pongidae |
Orangutans Solitary (b/c loss of habitat) |
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Hominidea |
Gorillas, Chimps, Knuckle walkers Bonobos Female Centered Human ancestor Infant development and dependency increased |
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Kayotype Comparison |
SImilar/ Different chormosomes |
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Hominid Behavior Diet |
40-80% forging; Gibbons, orangutans, gorillas= Vegetarians |
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Hominid Behavior Medication |
Leaves Aspila: Antibacterial and antiviral properties Swallowed not chewed |
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Hominid Behavior Territory |
Many overlap Chimps make boreders GOrillas do not defend |
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Hominid Behavior Aggresion |
CHimps throw rocks Attack eachother in small groups |
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Hominid Behavior Social Units |
CHimps: 50 members per groups |
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Hominid Behavior Hierarchy |
Sex, Aggression, Intellegence |
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Hominid Behavior Reproduction |
No fixed breeding season Estrus: Females swell to show mating ready Men have sex with as many people as possible |
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Hominid Behavior Language |
Vocalization: Warnings, threats, defense and gathering Kinesics: Analyzing posture, expressions and body motion to convey messages Arbitrariness: Words/sounds have no connection to objects they represent |
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Productivity |
Ability to create new expressions; humor |
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Displacement |
Ability to speak of things that are not present |
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Hominids |
Humans did not evolve from gorillas; Share and ancestor Sahelanthrops, Ardipithecus, Australopithecines, Homo |
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Great Chain Of Being |
God made hierarchy; Europeans were created first and evolved longer Caused slavery |
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Piltdown Hoax |
Homosapean skull wasn't real; cranial fragments and jaw from same deposite |
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Relative Dating |
Assigning event, objective or fossil as being older or younger than another Prehisoric vs. historic |
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Chronometric Dating |
Assigning dates based on solar years, centuries and other units of time. |
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Law of Supraposition |
Stratigraphic dating The lowest rock layers have been there the longest and are probably the oldest |
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Early Chronometric |
Radio-carbon C14 decays @a constant rate or 1/2 |
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Later Chronometric |
Potassium Argon Date volcanic ash and lava Volcanoes leave only potassium and decays to argon |
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Taung Child |
Raymond Dart Austrapithecine; Bipedal and small brain |
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Earliest Hominid |
Sahelanthropus Tchadensis Ape size brain; might be bipedal smaller teeth Omnivore |
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Ramidus |
Ground ape; White, Gensuwa, Asfaw omnivore apossable big toe |
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Lucy |
Austrapithecine Afarensis Bipedal; Big toe normal with foot arch |
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Australopithecus Garhi |
2.5 MYA; Small brain; omnivore- smaller teeth Gracileds |
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Taphonomy |
How fossils got there C.K Brain: Actually prey not predators; fossils found in caves |
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Australopithecus Habilis |
Oldowan Large brain omnivore Gracile homebody |
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Oldowan Sites |
Stone tools only Stone tools and bones of 1 animal: "Kill" or "Butchery" site Tools and bones of many animals: "Living Site" |
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Lewis Leakey |
Hunters |
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Blumenshine, Binford, Shipman |
Scavengers |
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Australopithecine Summary |
Woodland enviro Vegetarian (Robust) Omnivore (Gracile) Scavengers Stone tools |
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Oldowan Tool use |
Garhi Habilis Locally Available |
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Homo Ergaster |
Earliest appearance in East Africa (Turkana) Thinner cranial bones Vegetarian Larger Brain Family units Acheulian tall/lean |
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Bergmans Rules |
Adaptation to tropical environments Hot tropical environment means they need to be taller and thinner |
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Acheuliam Tools |
Ergaster Erectus Long distance materials Long Lasting Cutting and scraping |
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Ergaster Hunting |
Broken animal bones scattered indicated hunting |
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Earliest Fire |
Kenya Burnt tools Phytoliths: Sand like bits produced by plants found ashes |
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1st Migration |
Asia: Erectus Eugene Dubois: Though Erectus were earliest people from Asia 1st Ever erectus found |
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The "Movius Line" |
Boundary that separates Acheulian and East Asian Chopping Complex |
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Asian Chopping Tool Complex |
Bamboo used for rope and traps Chopping tools used to cut bamboo/wood to make other tools local |
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Zhoukoudien |
China: Erectus found Medicinal cures- Anderson and Black Lost bodies during WW2 EARLIEST EVIDENCE OF GATHERING AND FIRE |
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Erectus Cannibalism |
People thought, but faces found with missing parts and eaten brains indicating attacks by hyenas |
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Multi-Regional Model |
Theory that Erectus populations throughout the world evolved independently into anatomically modern humans thru gene flow -Idea that every species from previous times mated together creating modern humans |
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Replacement Theory |
African Eve Variation found in AFrican populations indicates most change/oldness -DNA comes directly from Africa indicating connection to modern Humans |
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Archaic Homo Sapiens |
Larger brains Brow-ridge Indications of ability to speak |
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Bodo |
Ethiopia Defleshing/Scalping= Symbolic |
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Neanderthals |
1st found Neader Valley Boule= makes them seem dumb Hunch because of arthritis Short, stalky, strong= all to keep warm Mousterian |
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Mousterian Industry Tools |
Neanderthals Local Materials points, scrapers, handaxes |
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Neanderthal Language |
Hyoid/Larynx= Ability to speak Kebra cove |
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Neanderthal Migration |
Hunted a mixed bag of species and depended on locally available fauna rather than following a specific species of animals |
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Shanidar Cave |
Pollen found in grave indicated flowers over burial to show love and care |
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Neanderthal Injuries |
Similar to bull rider = broken ribs/back/collar bone Shows hunting technique of jumping on prey to attcak |
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Isotopic Studies |
More varied diet by modern humans Neanderthals |
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Osteological Syudies |
Greater fine tune hand mobility by modern humans Neanderthals |
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Late Neanderthals |
SPain, UK, and other European nations Evidence of speech Caring for ill/dead |
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Enthography |
Field work, describing, interviewing specific community |
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Hoax |
Flourine Test Human skull Jaw didnt fit Different time period |
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Gibbons and Siamangs |
Fruit Small Hylobatidae |
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Orangutans |
Pongidae Fruit Solitary |
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Gorillas |
Hominidae Knuckle walkers groups vegetarians |
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Chimps |
Knuckle walkers Hominidae Large groups |
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Bonobos |
Hominidae Female center small |
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Homindoiea Characterisics |
larger complex brain infant dependance |
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Early Australopithecines |
Ramidus Anaensis Afarensis |
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Africanus |
Small teeth omnivore |
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Robust forms |
Large cheeks large teeth thick enamel vegetarians |
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Omnivores |
Small teeth thin enemal |
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Vegetarians |
Big molars Thick enemal Big jaw bones |
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Bipedal before big brain |
bipedal before big brain |
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2nd migration |
Homosaoians left africa |