Anthro Final

the intensification of worldwide social relations that link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away, and vise versa.

the idea that events in one country cannot be separated from those in another and that economic and foreign policy should be planned in an international way.

loyalty and devotion to a nation

private ownership of the means of production and voluntary exchanges/contracts.

government own the factors of production and voluntary exchanges/contracts.

economic system where private individuals or corporations own the means of production/distribution and the government is secondary.

economic philosophy that argued for minimal government involvement in the economy.

argues that the success of independent capitalist nations has required the failure of dependent colonies/nations who’s economies have been distorted to serve the needs of the dominant capitalist outsiders.

claims that cultural domination leads to replacement of subordinate cultures (one culture better than others).

Producing new cultural forms; combining cultures.

Hyphenated cultures; described as part of a “cultural mosaic”.

An international, collaborative movement that aims to protect the rights and livelihoods of Indigenous people.

1) Structured government.

2) Need to protect resources.

3) Protection against invaders and/or colonizers.

4) Sexism and racism.

5) Colonialism increases violence in formerly non-violent communities.

attempt to destroy the culture of a people.

attempt to exterminate a people.

1) ability to bring about results.

2) power may be informal and based on force.

3) coercive power vs. persuasive power.

the socially recognized right to exert power (power + legitimacy).

the socially recognized right to hold, use, and allocate power.

1) Assumption of innate human free agency.

2) Political activity as competition between individual free agents over political control.

3) Control by physical power.

4) Expensive to maintain and often unstable.

1) Counter-hegemonic practices

2) Draws attention to the central role of cultural beliefs and symbols in efforts to consolidate social organization and political control.

E.g. Hegemonic Masculinity.

1) Power exists independent of human beings.

2) Gaining access to power through ritual means.

3) Often embedded in a worldview of the universe as a balance of forces.

4) Contradiction of violence and access to power.

5) Power of Resistance- ability to refuse being forced to conform to someone else’s wishes.

6) Using consensus and persuasion.

views the body as a machine that must be repaired, independent of social context.

a view of disease in which it is assumed that illness is caused by tensions or conflicts in social relations.

Suffering and structural violence; anthropology in service to the poor. Medical anthropologist.

1) Phonology- sound inventory

2) Semantics- meaning

3) Pragmatics- context

4) Syntax- sentence structure

5) Morphology- word structure

grammatically simplified way of communication between groups who speak different languages.

a pigdin that develops complex grammar and has native speakers... elements of African and European culture are merged.

the process by which a community shifts from using one language to another.

when a language stops being spoken at all.

1) interaction with natural world.

2) information about species and other natural phenomena.

3) key to preserving species and ecosystems.

the view that people have of their own and others position in society.

a view of the self that defines each person as a replica of all humanity... capable of acting independently from others.

a context-dependent view of self.

the anthropological, cross-cultural study of family composition, marriage, and descent patterns.

a rule that requires a person to marry someone inside his/her own group.

a rule that requires a person to marry someone outside his/her own group.

a rule that prohibits sexual relations among kin of certain categories, such as brothers, sisters, parents, children, and sometimes cousins.

a form of marriage in which a person is permitted to have more than one husband.

the practice of being married to one person at a time.

What we know.

E.g. the earth is round.

How we know things

E.g. the scientific method.

things we know to be true.

e.g. the scientific method is the best way to advance knowledge.

the activities including rituals, myth, art, dance and music that dramatically depict the meaning shared by a specific body of people.

refers to the manipulation of

words or substances to influence spiritual beings for good or evil purposes.

The space between (sitting on a window ledge, being both inside and outside).

rituals that mark change in status.

e.g. student graduating.

bringing new life to belief systems, practices, and languages by bringing them back into practice and teaching them.

research methods that involve the generation of statistical data.

research methods that aim to explore, rather than measure various phenomena.

a written description and analysis based on ethnographic fieldwork... qualitative method, in depth study of a culture.

involves a combination of participating in activities and observing interactions.

studying another culture based on the notes of someone else, rather than visiting yourself.

analysis of an aspect of a culture using comparative categories, explanations, and interpretations from an outside perspective.

“Insiders Perspective” - trying time understand a cultural issue from the point of view of that culture.

Rapid documentation of “disappearing” cultures for the purpose of saving them for future generations.

view that there is a single reality that can be detected through the senses, and that there is a single, appropriate scientific method for investigating that reality.

a critique of positivism, arguing that the theories, background, knowledge and values of the researchers can influence what is observed.

rooted in the symbolic systems of a culture and shared by people in that culture.

critically reflecting on the way one thinks and on ones own experiences.

research method that combines autobiography and ethnographic research to both write about your loved experiences AND a specific cultural perspective.

a collaborative approach to research where the research participants and research facilitators are equal partners through the entire research process.

1) Bands- consists of fewer than 100 people, all social relationships based on kinships, least complex form of political organization, no fixed leadership.

2) Tribes- consists of separate bands or villages, greater population density, no centralized leadership.

3) Chiefdom- one or more local groups are organized under a single ruling individual (the chief) who is head of the ranked hierarchy of people.

4) States- the most formal of political organizations, authority is formal and impersonal.

1) Population density.

2) Subsistence.

3) Work, labour, production.

4) Political organization.

5) Social organization.

the # of people a given area of land can provide for society.

manipulating food abundance to increase carrying capacity.

genetic modification of plants and animals so that they are permanently altered relative to wild counterparts.

the idea that human history is the story of a steady advance from a life dependent on the whims of nature to a life of control and domination over natural forces.

- Standardization of production.

- Mass-produced goods.

- Association of wealth with success and morality.

- Move from putting-out systems to factory systems.

an agricultural method that incorporates Indigenous practices of food production along with contemporary agricultural research, yet preserves the environment.

Operating under colonial power structures; action based in saving or preserving.

continued exploitation in formerly colonized areas; one of the main roots of contemporary global wealth inequality.

1) Political engagement.

2) Development of equal partnerships.

3) Application of knowledge to resolution.

when a country or a nation wants to expand their power or influence over other people or places.

they assimilate people into their culture.

the ordering and ranking of individuals within society.

those at the top have more power, prestige, wealth and privileges.

social ranking based on perceptions of economic worth, occupation, and access to power.

social ranking that is based on birth that is socially closed; can not move from one caste to another.

social ranking based on perceived hereditary physical characteristics.

social ranking based on perceived ideals of behaviour, dress, occupation, roles, etc. for particular sexes.

a gender role that is neither masculine or feminine, in a society that recognizes the possibility of at least 3 genders.

Indigenous distinct approach to gender identity and variance in contrast to imposed colonial terms and definition.

Social distinction based on cultural features like language, religion or dress.

the idea that individuals are awarded achieved status based on merit, effort, and ability.

- the social and political context that creates your identity in terms of race, class, gender, sexuality, and ability status... oppression that is carried out through social and cultural structures.

an identity that is perceived as fixed and unchangeable.

an identity that is perceived to be in flux/can change... is earned.

defining legitimate citizenship based on shared cultural norms, thus excluding difference.

the dominant default or minimum effort form is known as unmarked, the other secondary one is marked.

interaction between mind, body, individual, society and environment means human essence is greater than the sum of its parts.

1) Biological/physical

2) Linguistic

3) Archaeology

4) Sociocultural

the tendency to judge the beliefs and behaviours of other cultures from the perspective of one’s own culture.

we are born with an ability to learn culture, it is not innate, it is acquired through symbols and material culture.

something that stands for something else; can be verbal or non verbal.

looking at cultural practices in terms of who accepts them and why, who they might be disproportionately harming/benefiting and the cultural power dynamics that enable them.

the effort to understand the beliefs and behaviour of other cultures in terms of the culture in which they are found.

1) Cultural entities with limits and specific characteristics.

2) Static and unchanging.

3) Existing in isolation.

4) Strictly delineated and definable.

5) Problematic both intellectually and morally.

the human characteristic of being able to create and imitate patterned, symbolically mediated ideas and activities