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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
visible and behavioral expression of sex chromosomes |
influenced by: -embryonic development -how physiology transmits hormones to cells/tissues -other biological processes |
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dichotomous category |
female-male not everyone identifies with this on the basis of their genes |
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sexual dimorphism |
physical differences based on genetic differences between females/males most men are stronger than most females |
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cultural construction of gender |
the characteristics a person attributes to male/female are culturally (not biologically) defined different cultures have distinctive ideas about males and females and use these ideas to define manhood/masculinity and womanhood/femininity |
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Hau of Papua New Guinea |
-patrilineal, horticulture people -recognize female-male differences that normally aren't recognized -"nu" = life-giving substance (real, physical) associated with growth and maturity -can be gained (from others) and lost -both gaseous (breath) and liquid (blood, semen) -women have a lot and men don't have as much |
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Papau New Guinea (cont) |
-becoming "like woman" or "like man" after certain stages of life or life events -figapa-kakora: people that are classified as female or male by their genitalia but also seen as the opposite sex for certain reasons, too -men avoid women b/c of contamination |
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multiple-gender identities |
definitions of sexual identities beyond female and male duality; including third and fourth genders such as man-woman or woman-man
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Navajo |
welcomed third-gender persons had specialized jobs a child who showed inclination for the work of the opposite sex was considered by others to be suited for an alternate gender role |
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"Two Spirits" |
Native American term for having both man and woman spirits masters of ceremony, medicine men |
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Euro-American contact with Native Americans |
legal/social punishment was placed upon those in third/fourth gender roles |
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Hijra of India |
most are people born with male genitals who have chosen to undergo an operation that removes their testicles/penis culturally constructed third gender maintain relationship with their families |
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androgynous |
having male and female characteristics |
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Hijra (cont) |
hijra dance at ceremonies becoming a hijra provides security--both social and economic hijra occupy a niche in Hindu society (economic security) |
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Hijra (cont) |
hijra perform at ceremonies in groups of 3-5 typically, hijra are unhappy with the amount of payment and threaten to curse the family they are performing for |
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gendered (sexual) division of labor |
kinds of productive activities assigned to women vs men in a culture perhaps tasks are assigned in such a way that the members of each sex do what they are physically able to do best (dimorphism) |
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fertility maintenance |
strenuous, prolonged physical exercise by women leads to lowered body fat and hormonal changes that lead to female fertility, so most strenuous tasks are done by males |
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reproductive roles |
populations need relatively few adult males to sustain numbers, so society protect females by assigning hazardous tasks to males |
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physical strength |
most men are stronger than most women, so taks requiring greater strength generally are performed by males |
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child care compatibility |
women are universally bearers and primary caregivers of young children, so females tend to perform those tests that can be combined most effectively with child care |
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gender stratification |
degree to which males and females are unequal in dimensions such as status, power or influence, access to valued resources, eligibility for social positions, and ability to make decisions about their own lives |
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male/female physical difference affect gender roles and relationships |
differences matter in different ways and to different degrees in each culture two most important: sexual dimorphism and reproductive physiology (both affect who performs economic tasks and childcare responsibilities) |
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"cultural construction of gender" |
biological (genes)- determines person's sex gender- culturally constructed |
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three most important influences on gender stratification |
-women's relative contributions to subsistence -women's ability to control key resources -the pattern of descent and postmarital residence these are relevant for gender equality in the twenty-first century |
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kin group |
a group of people who culturally view themselves as relatives, cooperates in certain activities, and share a sense of identity as kinfolk |
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nuclear family |
family consisting of a married couple and their offspring |
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extended family |
culturally recognized relatives of varying degrees of distance |
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household |
a domestic group, or people who live in the same place and share assets and certain responsibilities |
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fictive group |
condition in which people who are not biologically related behave as if they are relatives |
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incest taboo |
prohibition against sexual intercourse between certain kinds of relatives |
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exogamous rules |
marriage rules prohibiting individuals from marrying a member of their own social group or category |
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endogamous rules |
marriage rules requiring individuals to marry some member of their own social group or category |
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monogamous |
each individual is allowed to have only one spouse at a time |
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polygyny |
one man is allowed to have multiple wives |
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polyandry |
one woman is allowed to have multiple husbands |
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group marriage |
several women and several men are married to one another simultaneously |
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polygamy |
multiple spouses (general category) -polygyny -polyandry |
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marriage alliances |
relationships created between families or kin groups by virtue of intermarriage between them |
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levirate |
customer whereby a widow marries a male relative (usually a brother) of her deceased husband |
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sororate |
custom whereby a widower marries a female relative of his deceased wife |
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bridewealth |
custom in which a prospective groom and his relatives are required to transfer goods to the relatives of the bride to create or validate the marriage |
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brideservice |
custom in which a man spends a period of time working for the family of his wife |
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dowry |
custom in which the family of a woman transfers property or wealth to her and/pr her husband's family upon her marriage |
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ambilocal residence |
residence form in which couples choose whether to live with the wife's or husband's family
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bilocal residence |
residence form in which couples move between the households of both sets of parents |
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neolocal residence |
residence form in which a couple establishes a separate household apart from both the husband and wive's parents |
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avunculocal residence |
residence form in which the couples live with or near the mother's brother of the husband |
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matrifocal family |
family group consisting of a mother and her children, with a male only loosely attached or not present at all |
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forms of descent |
principle through which people trace their descent form previous generations |
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unilineal descent |
descent through "one line", including patrilineal and matrilineal descent |
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mat/pat lineal descent |
forms of descent in which individuals trace their most important kinship relationships to their mothers/fathers |
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unilineal descent group |
group of relatives formed by tracing kinship relationships through only one sex; either male or female, but not both |
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unilinear extended families |
groups of nuclear families formed by tracing kinship relationships through only one sex |
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lineage |
unilineal descent group larger than extended family whose members can actually trace how they are related |
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clan |
named unilinear descent group, some of whose members are unable to trace how they are related, but who still believe themselves to be kinfolk |
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nonunilineal descent |
forms of descent in which individuals do not regularly associate with either matrilineal or patrilineal relatives, but make choices about whom to live with, whose land is whose, and so forth |
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bilateral kinship |
kinship system in which individuals trace their kinship relationships equally through both parents |
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kindred |
all bilateral relatives recognized by an individual |
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cognatic descent |
form of descent in which relationships may be traced through both females and males |
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kin terms |
labels that individuals use to refer to his or her relatives of various kinds |
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kinship terminology |
logically consistent system by which people classify their relatives into labeled categories ("kinds of relatives") |
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cultural construction of kinship |
idea that the kinship relationships a given people recognize do not perfectly reflect biological relationships; reflected in kinship terminology |
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animism |
belief in spiritual beings |
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myths |
stories that recount the deeds of supernatural powers and cultural heroes in the past |
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ritual |
organized, stereotyped, symbolic behaviors intended to influence supernatural powers |
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intellectual (or cognitive) approach |
notion that religious beliefs provide explanations for puzzling things/events |
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psychological approach |
idea that the emotional or affective satisfactions people gain from religion are primary in interpreting religion |
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sociological approach |
emphasizes effects of religion on maintaining the institutions of society as a whole by instilling common values, creating solidarity, controlling behavior, and so forth |
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sorcery |
performance of rites and spells for the purpose of causing harm to others by supernatural means |
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witchcraft |
use of psychic powers alone to harm others by supernatural means |
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individualistic organizations |
religious organizations based on personal relationships between specific individuals and specific supernatural powers |
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shamanistic organization |
religious organizations in which certain individuals (shamans) have relationships with supernatural powers that ordinary people lack |
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communal organizations |
religious organizations in which the members of a group cooperate to perform rituals intended to benefit all |
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ecclesiastical organizations |
religious organizations in which a full-time priest performs rituals believed to benefit or the whole society, usually in large buildings dedicated to religious purposes or deities; found in complex societies |
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vision quest |
attempt to enlist the aid of supernatural powers by intentionally seeking a dream or vision; example of individualistic religious organizations |
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shaman |
part-time religious specialist who uses his special relationship to supernatural powers for curing members of his group and harming members of other groups |
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ancestral rituals |
rituals intended to worship, honor, or beseech the deceased ancestors of a kin group |
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rites of passage |
rituals celebrating, causing, and/or symbolically marking the stages of life as defined by their culture |
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initiation rituals |
rites of passage whose purpose is to incorporate males and/or females into new roles or into new social groups |
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totemism |
form of communal religious organization in which all members of a kin group have mystical relationships with one or more natural objects |
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seasonal rituals |
form of communal religious organization in which group cooperation is enquired to ensure the seasonal changes that restore or maintain life |
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priest |
kind of religious specialist, usually full-time, who officiates at large-scale, bureaucratically organized rituals that keep the population in proper relationship to deities or cosmic forces |
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revitalization movement |
religious movements that create a new way of life for a society or group |
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cargo cults |
melanesian revitalization movements in which prophets claim to know secret rituals that will bring wealth (cargo) |
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art |
any human action that modifies the utilitarian nature of something for the primary purpose of enhancing its aesthetic qualities; or actions, objects, or words valued largely for their aesthetic pleasure or symbolic communication |
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aesthetic |
qualities that make objects, actions, or language more beautiful or more pleasurable, according to culturally relative and variable standards |
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body arts |
artificial artistic enhancement or beautification of the human body by painting, tattooing, scarification, or other means |
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visual arts |
arts produced in a material or tangible form, including basketry, textiles, pottery, paintings, drawings, sculptures, masks, caring, and the like. |
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performance arts |
forms of art such as music, percussion, song, dance, and theater/drama that involve sound and/or stylized body movements |
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scarcity explanation of hunger |
holds that there are not enough land, water, and the resources to feed all the people of a country or region an adequate diet, given current technology |
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inequality explanation of hunger |
notion that hunger is not caused by the absolute scarcity but by the unequal distribution of resources and how these resources are used |
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technology-transfer solution |
the notion that developing nations can best solve their hunger problems by adopting the technology and production methods of modern mechanized agriculture |
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indigenous peoples |
culturally distinct peoples who have occupied a region longer than peoples who have colonized or immigrated to the region |
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applied anthropology |
anthropological expertise is useful for solving human problems because the way anthropologists look at people and cultures differs somewhat from the views of other professionals applied anthropologists have conducted research relevant to both global/local-level problems |
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medical anthropology |
the study of all aspects of health and health care for the purpose of improving the health of the people of the world |
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Western medicine |
western or scientific medicine sees and treats illness as the result of natural causes, while many traditional medical practices are based on the belief that illness is at least in part the result of supernatural causes |