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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Penicillins
Family: Work on: Targets: Inactivated by: Semisynthetics: |
Family: Beta-lactam
Work on: Gram +, some Gram -, and some Chlamydiae Work by: interfering with cell wall synthesis; cause lysing Inactivated by: beta-lactamases (penicillinase) Semisynthetic: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Carbenicillin |
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Sulfonamides
Work on: Targets: Example: |
Work on: Gram +, -
Targets: specific metabolic reactions Out-compete essential folic acid components for binding sites in a bacterial enzyme. Prevents acid synthesis and DNA replication. Example: sulfanilamide |
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Isoniazid
Works on: Targets: |
Works on: mycobacteria
Targets: interferes with cell wall synthesis |
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Quinolones
Works on: Derivatives and what they treat: Example: |
Work on: Gram +, -
Derivatives and what they treat: fluoroquinonlones are used to treat urinary tract infections Example: Ciprofloxacin |
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Cephalosporins
Family: Alternative to: Works on: Target: |
Family: Beta-lactam
Alternative to: Penicillin Works on: Broader spectrum than penicillin Target: cell wall synthesis |
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Monobactams
Family: Works on: |
Family: Beta-lactam
Works on: aerobic, gram - rods |
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Carbapenems
Works on: Target: Example: |
Works on: Gram +, -, broad spectrum
Target: cell wall synthesis Example: Imipenem |
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Vancomycin
Works on: Targets: Side effects: |
Works on: Gram +, staphylococcus
Targets: cell wall synthesis Side effects: damage to ears and kidneys |
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Bacitracin
Family Targets: Note: Component of: |
Family: polypeptide
Targets: interferes with transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane Note: toxic internally, used topically Component of: Neosporin |
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Polymyxin
Targets: Examples: Component of: |
Targets: increase membrane permeability of gram - rods
Examples: Neomycin, polymyxin B Component of: Neopsorin |
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Aminoglycosides
Works on: Target: Examples and uses: |
Works on: Mycobacteria, gram -
Target: Attaches to bacterial ribosomes, blocking translation of RNA into proteins Examples and Uses: Streptomycin-tuberculosis Gentamicin-urinary Neomycin-intestinal and ointment Kanamycin-wounds |
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Chloramphenicol
Works on: Reserved for: Side effects: |
Works on: wide variety of bacteria and some rickettsia and fungi
Reserved for: meningitis, cholera, typhoid and typhus fevers, Rocky Mountain spotted fever Side effects: aplastic anemia and gray syndrome |
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Tetracycline
Works on: Targets: Example: Side Effects: |
Works on: gram +,-, Chlamydiae, Rickettsiae
Targets: protein synthesis Example: Doxycycline Side Effects: Destroy intestinal microbiota and cause staining of teeth |
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Erythromycin
Family: Works on: |
Family: macrolide
Works on: gram + |
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Clindamycin
Type: Targets: Side Effects: |
Type: semisynthetic
Targets: protein synthesis Side effects: Pseudomembranous colitis can occur if microbiota are killed, allowing Clostridium difficile to flourish |
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Streptogramins
Work on: Target: |
Work on: Gram +
Target: Protein synthesis |
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Oxazolidiones
Work on: Target: |
Work on: gram +, including Staphylococcus aureus
Target: protein synthesis |
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Rifampin
Targets: Effective against: Side effect: |
Targets: RNA synthesis
Effective against: tuberculosis, leprosy, meningitis Side effect: can cause liver damage |
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Four mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
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Antibiotic inactivation
Target modification Active export of antibiotics Alternate metabolic pathway |
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Misuse of antibiotics
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Unnecessarily large doses, Promotion by companies, patient pressure, alternative to costly tests, patients don't finish, livestock
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Alternatives to antibiotics
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new targets in pathogens (lipopolysaccharides), new and unique antibiotics, bacteriophages, education
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Who discovered chemotherapy? What did they discover in addition
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Paul Ehrlich originated selective toxicity
Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata discovered arsphenamine (Salvarsan) against syphilis spirochete |
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Chemotherapeutic index
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toxic dose/therapeutic dose
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