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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anatomy
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the science and relationship among structures
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Physiology
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science of body functions and how the body works
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Chemical Level
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atoms such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium molecules essential to life
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Cellular Level
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molecules combined to form structures
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Tissue Level
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Groups of cells and matter to perform a particular function
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Four basic types of tissue
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epithelial, connective, muscle & nervous
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What the smallest living unit?
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Cells
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Intracellular Anion& Cation
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PO4-phosphate/K+
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Extracellular Anion & Cation
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Cl-/Na++
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What is maintains PH via the buffer system?
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Blood
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Ionic Bonds
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attraction between opposite charges
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Example of Ionic Bonds
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Sodium Chloride-salt for electrolyte of the body
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Covalent Bonds
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molecule by sharing 2 or 3 pairs on the outer shell
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Example of Covalent Bonds
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ATP
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Hydrogen Bonds
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positive charge attracts partial negative charge of other atoms
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Example of a Hydrogen Bond
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Water
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Hydrophilic
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contain polar covalent bonds and dissolve in water
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Hydrophobic
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non-polar covalent bonds
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Serous Membrane
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parietal layer that covers viscera and cavities
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Peritoneum
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membrane of the abdominal cavity
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Visceral Peritoneum
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abdominal viscera
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Parietal Peritoneum
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wall covering the peritoneal cavity
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Homoeostasis
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condition which body's internal environment maintained
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Feedback Loop
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body's condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, & monitored
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Negative loop
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reverse impact the change in monitored variable
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example of positive feedback
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child birth and blood clotting
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Example of Negative Feedback
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Blood flow
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What body systems involved in maintaining Homeostasis?
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Nervous and Endocrine
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What is an Ion?
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an atom with + or - charge due to unequal # of protons and electrons
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Cations
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+ charges
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Anions
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- Charged
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Organ Level
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Groups of Tissue join together to form body structures
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System Level
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related organs that have a common function
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Organism Level
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All systems of the body combine to make a orgainism
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Integumentary System
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skin, hair, Nails, Sweat & Oil glands
helps regulate body temp, protects body, eliminates waste, make vit. D |
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Skeletal System
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All bones, cartilage and joints
supports, protects assists body movements , stores cells that produce blood cells, stores mineral and lipids |
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Muscular System
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muscle tissue and Skeletal muscle
movement, maintain posture and produce heat |
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Nervous System
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Brain, Spinal cord, NERVES AND SENSE ORGANS
Regulate body activities through nerve impulses detect enviroment |
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Endocrine System
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all glands & tissues produce chemical regulators body
regulate body through hormones transported by blood |
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Cardiovascular System
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blood, heart, and blood vessels
pumps through blood vessels blood carries oxygen, nutrient to cells, carbon dioxide , and waste |
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Lymphatic System
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Lymphatic fluid,vessels,spleen,thymus,lymmph nodes
Returns protein &fluid to bloo,carries lipids from GI tract to blood,pprotect against disease |
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Respiratiory Sysytem
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lungs, airway, throat,larynx,trachea,
Transfer Carbon Dioxide to blood,regulate acidity of fluids, air flow through vocal cords |
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Digestive System
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GI tract,mouth,esophagus, stomach,rectum and anus
Physical and chemical breakdown of food-absorbs nutrients and elimatines waste |
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Urinary System
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Kidneys,Ureter,Urinary bladder,uretha
Produces,stores, and eliminates urineand waste, regulates blood volume and red blood cell |
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Reproductive System
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Testes,Ovaries,reproductive organs
Produce gametes, release hormones and mammary glands |
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Superior
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toward the head or upper
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Inferior
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Away from the head or lower
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Anterior
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Near the front of the body
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posterior
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near the back of the body
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midline
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divided into equal sides left and right
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Medial
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nearer the middle
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Lateral
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farther away from middle
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Proximal
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nearer attachment of limb to the trunk
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Distal
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father from the attachment of limb to the trunk
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Dorsal cavity
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cranial, vertrbral
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Ventral Body Cavity
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Thoracic
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Diaphragm
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divides the structure between thoracic and abdominal cavity
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
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Pelvic
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RUQ
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Liver, gallbladder, stomach, duodenum, right kidney,colon
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LUQ
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Liver,spleen, stomach , SMI, left kidney, pancreas, colon
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RLQ
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appendix,SMI,colon,ovary, bladder right ureter
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LUQ
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Sigmoid colon,left ureter
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Monomers
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Small organic molecules
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glucose, proteins, DNA/RNA
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Monomers
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Polymers
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Larger organic molecules
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amino acids, nucleic acids, fatty acids, and glycerols, lipids and fats
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Polymers
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Where in the body is glucose for energy found?
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tissues, muscles, antibodies
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Protein levels of structure
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Primary, secondary,tetiary,quaternary
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Primary structure
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unique amino acids linked by covalent bonds to form polypeptide
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Secondary Structure
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repeated twisting or folding of amino acid in polypeptide chain
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Tertiary Structure
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3D shaped polypeptide chain
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Quaternary Structure
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exists in proteins that contain more than one polypeptide
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How does the Protiens unique shape permits interaction?
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carry out specific function
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What is the structure of phospholipid?
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glycerol backbone and 2 fatty acids-attached to 2 carbons
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Where do you find phospholipids in the body?
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cell membrane
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What is a phospholipids?
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simplest form of glycerol bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group
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What is the purpose of Enzymes?
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speed up chemical reactions
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What are catalysts called in a living cell?
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enzymes
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Amylase
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breaks down carbohydrates
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What is ATP?
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energy yielding molecule in the body
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ATP stands for what?
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Andesine Triphospahte
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what in the cell produces ATP?
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Mitochondria
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What are to phases of Cellular Respiration?
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Anaerobic/Aerobic
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What are the other two ways of ATP?
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exergonic -release energy
hydrolysis- adding water |
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Function of plasma membrane?
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controls substances going in and out of the cell
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cytosol
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fluid portion of the cell
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Organelles
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perform metabolic functions
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cytoskeleton
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network of 3 types of filaments
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Microfilaments
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contribute to shape and strength of the cell
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Microtubules
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help move cillia and flagella
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Centrosomes
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rod shaped- helps with movement during cell division
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Cilia
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Whip-like that moves substances along the cell
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Flagella
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helps propel the cell
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Ribosomes
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synthesize protein
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Golgi complex
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stores, packages, and exports proteins
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Peroxisomes
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detoxification of the cell
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Proteasomes
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tiny structure contains protease and enzymes
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Mitochondria
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power house of the cell
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Nuclear envelope
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separates nucleus from cytoplasm
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Nucleoli
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makes ribosomes
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Genes
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control cellular structure
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Chromatin
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found in the nucleus carries out hereditary factors
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chromosomes
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tightly coiled chromatin
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Where is DNA located?
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nucleus
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what contains the genetic materials in the body?
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DNA
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ACGT
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Adenine,Cytosine,Guanine,Thymine
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ACGU
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RNA, Uracil added
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Where is Transcription and where does it occur?
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genetic information copied into messenger RNA-mRNA and occurs in the Nucleus
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What is Translation?
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Transfer RNA and builds proteins on the ribosomes from coded mRNA
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Interphase
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cell at rest -prepare for cell division
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Prophase
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chromatin fiber condense-centrosome's move to opposite poles
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Metaphase
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centrosomes pair line up
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Anaphase
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centrosomes split- move to opposite poles
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Telaphase
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form Two joined cells- mitotic spindle disappear
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Cytokinesis
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Cytoplasmic division-Cell divides
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Diffusion
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movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
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Simple Diffusion
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diffused across a membrane through lipid layer/pores integral proteins
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Facilitated Diffusion
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support for lipid -insoluble too large too pass-glucose transport
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Osmosis
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movement of water from high to low contraction through permeable membrane
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Active Transport
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Sodium-potassium pump
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sodium potassium bump
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transports sodium out of cell and bumps potassium into cell
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