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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
chordata
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notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail
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notochord
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flexible rod b/t digestive tube and nerve cord, provides skeletal support, nucleus propulsus is only remain in human
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nerve chord
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dorsal, hollow, develops from ectoderm, develops into central nervous system
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pharyngeal slits
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in the pharynx, just posterior to mouth, have become modified for gas exchange, jaw support, and hearing
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postanal tail
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digestive tract stops short of a muscular tail, used for locomotion in marine species
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Subphylum Urochordata
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1.tunicates
2.adult form is sessile and has no characteristics of chordates except slits 3.larval form has all characterisctics, undergoes metamorphosis and loses 3 |
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Subphylum Cephalochardata
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1.lancelets
2.borrow in sand 3.all 4 characteristic in simplest form |
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Craniates
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1.includes hagfish and vertebrates
2.cranium (skull) 3.elaboration of brain 4.paired sensory organs on head 5.neural crest cells |
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Vertebrates
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1.and animals w/ bones/cartilage skeletons
2.Vertebral column 3.Gnathostomes-jawed mouth animals (excludes lamprays) |
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hypothesis of the evolution of jaws
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from skeletal rods that supported mouth, to large specialized jaws
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Agnathans
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Hagfish and Lamprays
1.no jaws 2.marine and freshwater (lampray only) 3.no paired appendages 4.cartilage skeletons |
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Class Chondrichthyes
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Sharks and Rays
1.mostly cartilage skeleton fortified w/ mineralized granules and bony teeth 2.well developed jaws and paired fins 3.acute senses-lateral line system 4.internal fertilization, reproduce all three ways |
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oviparous
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lay eggs that hatch outside the mother's body
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ovoviviparous
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retain fertilized egg in oviduct, hatch in uterus
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viviparous
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give live birth, placental nourishment
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Osteichthyes
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bony fish
1.swim bladder-lung derivitve, allows fish to stay suspended w/o movement 2.lateral line 3.subdivided by fins: ray finned, lobe finned (coelocanth), lung fish 4.external fertilization, eggs lack shells |
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Class Amphibia
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Salamanders, frogs, caecilians
1.dual life of frogs-tadpole in water, adult on land, reproduce in water 2.eggs lack shells, external fertilization 3.decline in population-maybe due to global warming and a fungus in stomachs |
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Amniotes
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have 4 extraembryonic membranes, answer to reproduction on land (internally), replitian heritage evident in all classes
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Classical model of classification of amniotes
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mammals in class mammalia
reptiles in class reptilia birds in class aves |
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Lumpers model of classification of amniotes
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mammals in class mammalia
birds and reptiles in class reptilia |
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Splitters model of classification of amniotes
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mammals in class mammalia
each kind of reptile has own class birds in class aves |
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Reptilia
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3 accepted classes w/i group, turtles, lizards and snakes, crocs and alligators
1.ectotherms-cold blooded 2.extinct groups-dinosaurs(some endotherms), pterosaurs, and other marine reptiles 3.scales 4.oviparous |
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Aves
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Birds
1.very closely related to reptiles, 'dinos w/ feathers' 2.feathers 3.flightless-underdeveloped wings or wings developed for swimming 4.flight-hollow bones, muscular, specialized feathers, airfoil wings 5.oviparous |
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Mammalia
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1.mammary lands-produce milk
2.hair/fur-made of keratin 3.endothermic 4.efficiant respiratory and ciculatory sytems-4 chambered heart 5.internal fertilization 6.larger brains 7.jaws and ears |
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Evolution of mammalian jaws and ears
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1.jaw became one bone, stronger
2. articular and quadrate of reptile skull became malleus and incus of mammalian ear |
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Monotremes
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Platypuses and echidnas
1.oviparous-lay eggs 2.have hair and produce milk 3.found only in Australia and New Guinea |
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Marsupials
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Opossums, kangaroos, bandicoots, koalas
1.born early in development 2.completes development while nursing in a pouch 3.most found in Australia, only opossum found in Americas 4.marsupials in Australia have filled eutherian niches |
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Eutherians (placental)
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most variety of mammalian groups
1.long periods of pregnancy 2.viviparous-development completed in uterous, joined w/ mother by placenta 3.more closely related to marsupials than either group in to monotremes |
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Primates
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Monkeys, lemurs, apes, humans
1.opposable thumb 2.binocular vision 3.Prosimions-lemurs, etc 4.Anthropoids-monkeys, apes, humans (closest related to chimps) 5. |
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Paleoanthropology
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1.Hominoid-great apes and humans
2.Hominid-species closer to us than any other living species, extinct 3.Homo sapiens-modern humans 4.Brains size-has increased throughout evolution of humans 5.jaw shape-ancestors had prognathic jaws, longer; modern is shorter 6.bipedal posture/motion-key evolutionary steps |
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Multiregional hypothesis
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Homo eructus evolved and dispered immediately, interbreeding led to Homo sapiens
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"Out of Africa" hypothesis
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Homo erectus evolved into sapiens, other branches went extinct. sapiens spread across globe from Africa
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