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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Process by which the sun's energy is converted to chemical energy and stored in sugar
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Photosynthesis
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Organisms that create their own food
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Autotrophs
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Organisms that do not create their own food
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Heterotrophs
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Photosynthesis involves these two processes :
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1) Light Reactions
2) Calvin Cycle |
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During the light reactions, the sun's energy is absorbed by the _____
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Chlorophyll
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During the light reactions, _____ temporarily stores the energized electrons
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NADP+
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During the light reactions, _____ is split releasing _____
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1) Water (H2O)
2) Oxygen (O2) |
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Process that generates ATP in the light reactions
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Photophosphorylation
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What is photophosphorylation?
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ADP + P in the presence of light, produces ATP
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Where do the light reactions take place
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In the thylakoid
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CO2 from the air is fixed into organic compounds, then reduced by the addition of electrons
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Calvin Cycle
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The power to fix CO2 in the Calvin Cycle comes from _____ and _____ from the light reactions
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NADPH and ATP
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Why is sugar made in the Calvin Cycle?
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Only because of the help of NADPH and ATP from the light reaction
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Where does the Calvin Cycle take place
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Stroma
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Particles of light
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Photons
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The shorter the wavelength, the _____ the energy
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Greater
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Red, orange, and yellow are _____ and have _____ energy
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1) Longer
2) Low |
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Blue, indigo, and violet are _____ and have _____ energy
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1) Shorter
2) High |
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_____ and _____ are the most useful wavelengths for the light reaction, which absorbs them and reflects green
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1) Blue
2) Red |
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Substance that absorbs visible light
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Pigments
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Blue - Green pigment
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Chlorophyll A
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Yellow - Green pigment; is converted to chlorophyll A
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Chlorophyll B
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Yellow + Orange pigments
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Carotenoids
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Why does each pigment have a unique absorption spectrum?
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Pigments absorb only photons corresponding to specific wavelengths
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Reaction centers of chlorophyll A
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Photosystems
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In a photosystem, electron acceptors and associated proteins are surrounded by an _____ _____
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Antenna complex
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The _____ _____ trap the high energy electrons boosted from the chlorophyll before it can return to the ground state
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Electron acceptors
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P700
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Photosystem I
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P680
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Photosystem II
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Why are Photosystem I and Photosystem II named differently?
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The order of discovery and the wavelength they absorb. Both have chlorophyll A molecules but are associated with different proteins in the chlorophyll molecule
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In noncyclic electron flow, electrons are not cycled back to the _____
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Chlorophyll
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In noncyclic electron flow, _____ excites electrons in chlorophyll A of _____ and boosts the electrons to the primary _____
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1) Light Energy
2) Photosystem II 3) Acceptor |
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In noncyclic electron flow, H2O gets split and releases O2 and replaces the _____ ______
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Lost Electrons
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In noncyclic electron flow, Electrons go down the mini Electron Transport Chain to make _____
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ATP
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In noncyclic electron flow, electrons reach the bottom of the ETC and fill the hole in P700 left by _____ ______
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Excited electrons
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In noncyclic electron flow, primary acceptors of photosystem I pass electrons to _____, then to _____ _____ to reduce NADP -----> _____
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1) FD
2) NADP+ reductase 3)NADPH |
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In noncyclic electron flow, ATP = _____ energy
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Chemical
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In noncyclic electron flow, NADPH = _____ _____
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Reducing Pair
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In cyclic electron flow, electrons cycle back to _____ via the mini _____
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1) P700
2) Electron Transport Chain |
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Cyclic electron flow generates _____ but not _____
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1) ATP
2) NADPH |
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Where does the Calvin cycle occur for dark reactions?
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1) C3 plants
2) C4 plants 3) CAM plants |
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General idea of the calvin cycle is to form _____ from _____
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1) Sugar
2) CO2 |
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The calvin cycle uses _____ as an energy sourse and consumes _____ as a reducing power for adding high energy electrons to make sugar
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1) ATP
2) NADPH |
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The Calvin cycle produces a _____ and a _____
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1) 3 carbon sugar
2) glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate (G3P) |
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To produce one molecule of this sugar, the Calvin cycle takes place _____ times and it uses _____
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1) 3
2) 3 CO2 |
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What are the three states of the Calvin Cycle?
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Carbon fixation, Reduction, Regeneration
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In carbon fixation, CO2 attaches to _____ to make a 6 carbon compound that quickly splits into 2 molecules of 3 carbon phosphoglycerate
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RuBP
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Alternate name of RuBP
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Rubisco
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Enzyme that catalyzes carbon fixation
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Rubisco (RuBP)
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The most abundant protein on Earth
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Rubisco (RuBP)
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Each 3 phosphoglycerate receives a phosphate and then a pair of electrons to form G3P in this step
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Reduction
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One G3P exits the cycle in Reduction to eventually form the _____, the rest regenerate RuBP
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Sugar
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Five G3P molecules are rearranged into RuBP in this step
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Regeneration
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Regeneration requires _____ molecules of ATP
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3
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For One G3P the Calvin cycle consumes a total of _____ and _____
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1) 9 ATP
2) 6 NADPH |
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When does photorespiration occur?
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When there is too much O2 and not enough CO2, and RuBP bonds to the O2 instead of CO2
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Photorespiration happens on these types of days
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Hot, bright, arid days
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During photorespiration, the stomata closes and O2 ________________
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Builds up in air spaces
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During photorespiration, O2 enters the _____ cycle and produces a 2 carbon molecule that is broken down to _____
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1) Calvin
2) CO2 |
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In photorespiration, NO _____ and no _____ are produced
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1) ATP
2) Food |
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2 examples of adaptations to overcome photorespiration
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1) C4 plants
2) CAM plants |
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How do C4 plants avoid photorespiration?
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They precede the Calvin cycle with a reaction that incorporates CO2 into 4 carbon campounds in the mesophyll cells (Oxaloacetic acid ---> malic acid)
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Plants in hot, arid climates that avoid photorespiration
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C4 plants
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C4 plants' 4 carbon malate is exported to the bundle sheath cells where they __________ for use in the Calvin cycle. The left over 3 carbon compound is pyruvic acid
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1) Release CO2
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PEP carboxylase has a higher affinity for _____ than rubisco and it is faster
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CO2
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These plants open their stomates at night and incorporate the CO2 into organic acid until day
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CAM plants
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CAM plaints convert CO2 back to _____
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Oxaloacetic acid
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Cam plants conserve _____ and store CO2 in the vacuoles as organic acids to use in the Calvin cycle
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H2O
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Succulent (Water storing) plants, cacti, are normally these types of plants
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CAM Plants
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Store CO2 as an organic acid until day
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CAM Plants
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Happens when there is not enough CO2 and too much O2
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Photorespiration
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Excess O2 builds up in air spaces and O2 bonds to RuBP instead of CO2
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Photorespiration
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Does photorespiration produce ATP?
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No
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Happens when there is not enough CO2 and too much O2
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Photorespiration
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Excess O2 builds up in air spaces and O2 bonds to RuBP instead of CO2
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Photorespiration
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Photosynthesis converts light energy into
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Chemical energy
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Chemical energy created by photosynthesis is stored in
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Organic molecules
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Photosynthesis involves both
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1) Light reactions
2) Calvin Cycle |
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The Calvin cycle fixes CO2 to _____
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RuBP
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In the Calvin cycle, C3 is phosphorylated and reduced to form
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G3P
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In the Calvin cycle, G3P is made into
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Glucose and other carbohydrates
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In the Calvin Cycle, G3P is rearranged to regenerate _____ using ATP
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RuBP
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Light reactions split water to form _____
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O2
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In light reactions, energized electrons reduce _____ to _____
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1) NADP+
2) NADPH |
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In light reactions, energized electrons pass down the _____
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Electron transport chain
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In light reactions, energized electrons pass down the ETC and use the mechanism of _____ to generate ATP
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Chemiosmosis
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In light reactions, energized electrons pass down the ETC and use the mechanism of chemiosmosis in a process called _____
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Photophosphorylation
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Photophosphorylation occurs by _____
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Chemiosmosis
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Photophosphorylation is driven by____
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Light energy
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Photophosphorylation is driven by light energy, which when absorbed produces _____ _____
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Excited electrons
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Photophosphorylation is driven by light energy, which when absorbed produces excited electrons that transfer down the ETC located in the _____ _____
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Thylakoid Membrane
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Photophosphorylation occurs by chemiosmosis and involves the formation of _____-_____ _____
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Proton motive force
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Photophosphorylation occurs by chemiosmosis and involves the formation of proton motive force from a gradient of _____
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H+
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In Photophosphorylation, H+ diffuse back through _____ _____
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ATP Synthase
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In Photophosphorylation, ATP synthase drives _____ of _____
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Phosphorylation of ADP
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In Photophosphorylation, the phosphorylation of ADP releases _____ into the _____
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1) ATP
2) Stroma |