Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Matter
|
Takes up space and has mass
|
|
Elements
|
Substance which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions
|
|
Compounds
|
Substance containing two different elements combined.
Ex: H20 - Hydrogen and Oxygen are both gases in their natural state. |
|
96% of all mass is made up of what four elements?
|
Carbon
Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen (CHON) |
|
Trace Elements
|
Elements required by organisms in minute amounts.
|
|
Atoms
|
Smallest unit retaining elemental properties.
|
|
Protons
|
Positively charged subunit of an atom.
|
|
Neutrons
|
Neutrally charged subunit of an atom.
|
|
Electons
|
Negatively charged subunit of an atom.
So small - considered "massless." |
|
Isotopes
|
Atoms with same amount of protons, but different number of neutrons.
Thus, they have different masses. |
|
Atoms of compounds are held together by?
|
Chemical bonds
|
|
Ionic bond
|
A bond between atoms in which one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
|
|
An atom which lost an electron.
|
Negatively charged ion.
|
|
An atom which gained an electron.
|
Positively charged ion.
|
|
Covalent bond
|
A bond between atoms in which electrons are shared.
Equally shared electrons: Polar covalent bond Unequally shared electrons: Polar covalent bond |
|
Water is polar by
|
It's two hydrogen atoms have a PARTIAL POSITIVE charge.
It's oxygen atom has a PARTIAL NEGATIVE charge. |
|
Hydrogen bond
|
A weak chemical bond formed when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom which is attracted to another electronegative atom.
|
|
Cohesive force of water
|
Water frequently bonds with its surrounding neighbors due to weak hydrogen bonds.
Ex: water moving up plant veins pull up on molecules further down. |
|
Adhesive force of water
|
Water sticks to other substances: it is adhesive.
Ex: In plants, water ADHERES to cell walls to counter downward pull of gravity. |
|
Water has high surface tension
|
Surface tension - an effect that makes a liquid seem as though it has an elastic "skin." It is caused by cohesion between the surface molecules.
|
|
Water's high heat capacity
|
The ability of a substance to store heat.
It takes a lot of heat to increase the temperature of water. Water's ability to resist temperature change explains how humans keep a constant body temperature. |
|
What are the unique properties of water?
|
Polar and can dissolve other polar substances
Cohesiveness (pulls) and Adhesiveness (sticks) High heat capacity High surface tesion |
|
Acidic solution
|
A solution which contains many Hydrogen Ions (H+).
Placing an acidic solution in water will release a lot of H+ ions. |
|
Basic solution
|
A solution which contains many Hydroxide Ions (OH-).
These solutions are considered ALKALINE. Slippery consistency (i.e. soap) |
|
pH scale
|
Numbered from 1-14. 7 is neutral.
Acidic solution: low pH. An increase in H+ ions will decrease the pH. |
|
Organic molecules
|
Skeleton of carbon atoms; most living organisms' chemical compounds contain organic molecules.
|
|
Inorganic molecules
|
Compounds without carbon atoms, excluding CO2.
|
|
Four types of organic molecules essential to life
|
Proteins
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids |
|
Carbohydrates
|
Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen usually in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Either mono-, di-, or polysaccharides. Saccharide - "Sugar" |
|
Monosaccharide
|
Simplest sugar, serves as energy source for cells.
|
|
2 common monosaccharides
|
Glucose and Fructose - 6 Carbon Sugars (C6H12O6).
|
|
Glucose
|
Common monosaccharide. Produced by plants and broken down by cells for energy.
Hexagonal ring shape of 6 carbons. |
|
Fructose
|
Common monosaccharide. Common sugar in fruits.
Pentagonal ring shape of 6 carbons. |
|
Disaccharides
|
Two monosaccharides formed by one hydrogen bonding with hydroxide group, forming H20.
1 molecule of water is lost, 2 monosaccharides link to form disaccharide. |
|
Loss of a water molecule to form a bond
|
Dehydration synthesis or condensation
|
|
Linkage of 2 glucose molecules
|
Glycosidic bond.
Forms Maltose. |
|
Hydrolysis
|
The addition of water to break up a compound (i.e. Disaccharide into two monosaccharides).
|
|
Polysaccharide
|
Made up of many repeating subunits of monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides are thus polymers - a molecule with repeating subunits of the same type. Usually storage forms of sugar or structural components of cells. |
|
3 most common polysaccharides
|
Starch
Cellulose Glycogen |
|
Example of Glycogen
|
Animals store glucose molecules in the form of glycogen in the liver and muscle cells.
|
|
Example of Starch
|
Plants "stockpile" alpha-glucose molecules in the form of starch in structures called PLASTIDS.
|
|
Example of Cellulose
|
Made up Beta-glucose, it is a major part of the cell wall in plants. STRUCTURAL SUPPORT.
|
|
Chitin
|
Polymer of Beta-glucose molecules: STRUCTURAL MOLECULE in walls of fungus and exoskeletons of arthopods.
|
|
Cellulose cannot be digested by humans because...
|
Polymers of alpha-glucose can be broken down; Polymers of beta-glucose cannot.
Humans lack the enzyme which break Beta "1-4" linkages between glucose monomers. |
|
Amino Acids
|
The building blocks of proteins.
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. 20 different amino acids. |
|
4 Major Parts of an Amino Acid.
|
An Amino group (-NH2)
An Carboxyl group (-COOH) A Hydrogen An R Group |
|
R Group
|
Also called the SIDE CHAIN. Amino acids only differ in the R group.
|
|
Functional group
|
Distinctive group of atoms that play a large role in determining the chemical behavior of the compound they are a part of.
Ex: Organic acid has the function group, Carboxyl (-COOH) which releases hydrogen ions in water, making it acidic. |
|
Hydroxyl group
|
(-OH)
Compounds that end in "-ol" i.e. ALCOHOL, ETHANOL. Polar - Electronegative oxygen draws electrons toward itself. Attracts water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds like sugar. |
|
Carbonyl
|
(C=O)
Ketone - carbonyl within a carbon skeleton. Aldehyde - carbonyl at the end of carbon skeleton. |
|
Carboxyl
|
(-COOH) Oxygen atom double bonded to a Carbon bonded to a Hydroxyl group.
Carboxylic acids - ACETIC ACIDS: give vinegar sour taste. Acidic - source of hydrogen ions. |
|
Amino
|
-NH2
Amines Ex: Glycine Acts as a base - can pick up a proton from a surrounding solution. |
|
Sulfhydryl
|
-SH
Two sulfhydryl groups can interact to help STABILIZE protein structure |
|
Phosphate
|
-OPO3 2-
Organic phosphates Ex: Glycerol phosphate Makes the molecule its a part of an anion (negatively charged ion) Can transfer energy between organic molecules. |
|
Dipeptide
|
Formation of two amino acids through a peptide bond.
|
|
Peptide bond
|
When the carboxyl group of a molecule reacts with the amino group of another molecule.
This is form of dehydration synthesis, becayse a water molecule is lost. |
|
Polypeptide
|
Group of amino acids joined together in a "string."
|
|
Protein
|
When a polypeptide chain twists and folds on itself, a protein is formed.
|
|
Lipid
|
Consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Function as structural components of cell membranes, sources of insulation, and energy storage. |
|
Most common lipids
|
Fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids
|
|
Fatty acid
|
A major component of fats that is used by the body for energy and tissue development.
|
|
Neutral fat
|
Simple lipids - a typical fat which consists of three fatty acids and one molecule of the carbohydrate, GLYCEROL.
|
|
Glycerol
|
A 3-carbon alcohol that acts as the backbone molecule of many fats when combined with fatty acids.
'TRIGLYCERIDE' is another word for fat. |
|
Ester linkage
|
When a hydroxyl (from the glycerol) reacts with a carboxylic acid (of the fatty acids), with loss of a water molecule.
|
|
Fat formation
|
The fatty acids' carboxylic acid groups react with the glycerol's hydroxyl groups -> water molecule lost -> dehydration synthesis (ester linkage)
|
|
Saturated Fatty Acid
Unsaturated Fatty Acid Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid |
Single covalent bond between carbon atoms
Adjacent carbons joined by double bonds Many double bonds |
|
Phospholipid
|
Composed of two fatty acid tails and one negatively charged phosphate head on the glycerol.
|
|
Phospholipid properties
|
Its two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic - they are nonpolar; water is polar. The two don't mix.
Phosphate head is hydrophilic - it's negative charge is drawn by the positive charge of water. |
|
Amphipathic
|
When a molecule has both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region.
Because one region of a phospholipid is HYDROPHOBIC (fatty acid tails) and another is HYDROPHILIC (phosphate head), phospholipids are considered AMPHIPATHIC. |
|
Steroids
|
Usually contain 4 linked carbon rings.
|
|
Nucleic acid
|
Contain C, H, O, N, but also Phosphorus.
Made up of simple units called nucleotides. |