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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Difference between Lymph and Interstitial Fluid
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Difference is location Interstitial Fluid is found between cells and lymph is located within lymphatic tissue and vessels
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Two types of cells that participate in immune response
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B cells & T cells
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T cell & B cell Production and proliferation
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Both produced in Red bone marrow but only B cells mature there while immature T cells migrate to cortex of thymus and mature there
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Dendritic Cells
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Cells found in the Cortex of Thymus that aids in the maturation of T cells
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Large groups of Lymph nodes are present where? (3)
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Axillae, Groin, Mammary glands
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Trabeculae
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Extentions of Lymph Node capsule that divide it into compartments, support, and provides a route for blood vessels into node
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Metastasis
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Spread of disease from one part of body to another
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Composition of Spleen
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Capsule of dense connective tissue covered by peritoneum with trabeculae extending inward all constitute STROMA
Parenchyma is made of white pulp which is lympatic tissue made of lymphocytes and macrophages arranged around a central artery, Red pulp consists of RBCs, macrophages lymphocytes, plasma cells, granulocytes |
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Sepsis
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Blood infection due to loss of filtering and phagocytic functions of spleen
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Lymphatic Nodules
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Egg shaped masses of lymphatic tissue not surrounded by a capsule
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Peyer's Patches
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Large aggregations of lymphatic nodules found in ileum of SI
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Aggregations of Lymphatic Nodules (3)
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Peyer's patches
Tonsils Appendix |
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Five tonsils
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Pharyngeal tonsil or Adenoid is posterior nasopharynx
2 Palatine tonsils in posterior region of oral cavity (Commonly removed in tonsillectomy) 2 Linguinal tonsils at the base of tongue |
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Kinin
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Polypeptides fromed in blood from kininogens that induce vasodilation and increased permeability
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Two immediate changes that occur in blood vessels as a result of injury
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Vasodilation
Increased permeability of capillaries |
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Emigration
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Process in which phagocytes stick to endothelium and squeeze through blood vessel walls as a result of chemotaxis
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Leukocytosis
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Increase of WBC in the blood
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Pus
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Collections of dead cells and fluid as a result of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue
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Abscess
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Excessive accumulation of pus in a confined space i.e pimples and boils
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Ulcer
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Open sore formed when superficial inflamed tissue sloughs off due to poor circulation
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Three stages of Inflammation
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1) Vasodilation & Increased capillary permeability
2) Emigration of phagocytes 3) Tissue Repair |
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Antigens
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Substances that are recognized as foreign and provoke immune responses
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Two properties that distinguish immunity from Nonspecific defenses
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1) Specificity for particular antigens
2) Memory for most previously encountered antigens so next encounter will yield greater response |
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Cell-Mediated Immune Response
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T cells proliferate to cytotoxic T cells and directly attacks invading antigen
Effective for pathogens inside of cell |
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Antibody-mediated immune response
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B cells transform into plasma cells that synthesize Antibodies /Immunoglobins
Effective for pathogens in body fluids and extracellular pathogens |
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Epitope
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Numerous Antigenic Determinants found on Antigens each triggers an immune response
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2 Types of T cells and their functions
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CD 8 T cell proliferates into cytotoxic T cells
CD 4 T cells are T helper cells that aid in the proliferation of CD8 T cells into cytotoxic T cells and B cells into plasma cells |
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Difference between Epitope and Hapten
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Epitope is an small immunogenic molecule attached to a larger antigen
Hapten is a small molecule that becomes immunogenic only after it attaches to a body protein |
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Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC)
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Self antigens that mark the surface of each body cell except RBCs and help T cells distinguish between forein and self antigens
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Difference between MHC I and MHC II
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MHC I are built into plasma membranes of all body cells except RBCs
MHC II appear on surface of Antigen-Presenting Cells |
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Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) (3)
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Dendritic Cells, Macrophages and B cells
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Steps in processing and presenting of an exogenous antigen
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1) Ingestion of Antigen
2) Digestion of Antigen into peptide fragments 3) Synthesis of MHC-II during digestion 4) Fusion of MHC-II vesicle and Antigen Vesicle 5) Exocytosis of fused vesicle and insertion of Antigen-MHCII complexes into plasma Memb 6) Migration of APC into lymphatic tissue to present antigen to T cells |
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Processing of Endogenous Antigens
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Process in which infected cells present Antigen-MHCI complexes after being infected and synthesizing endogenous antigens to red flag itself for killing
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Cytokine
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Small protein hormones that stimulate or inhibit normal cell functions such as cell growth and differentiation. Also works in costimulation & activation of T cells and B cells
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Effector Cells
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Clones of activated T cells that recognize same antigen and attacks it
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First signal in activation of T cell
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Antigen Recognition by a T-cell Receptor (TCR) with CD4 or CD8 proteins
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Costimulation
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A T cell becomes activated only if it binds to the foreign antigen and at same time receives a second signal
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Helper T cells
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Has CD4 proteins for costimulation when binding to Antigen-MHCII complexes and proliferates to clones which release cytokines and memory T helper cells
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Cytotoxic T Cells
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CD8 Cells that recognize Antigen-MHCI complexes and becomes activated through costimulation by IL-2 and Cytokines produced by T Helper Cells
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Memory T Cells
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T cells that remain from a proliferated T cell and chills until the same foreign antigen comes again
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Perforin
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Protein found in NK cells and Cytotoxic T cells that poke holes in bacteria to cause cytolysis
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Two Cytotoxic T cell Mechanisms
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Granzymes released to digest proteins triggering apoptosis followed by phagocytes digesting the spilled microbes
Perforin released to puncture holes in Infected cell, Granulysin punches holds in microbe cell wall to cause them to lyse |
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Plasma Cells
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Cells differentiated from B cells that produce Antibodies
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Hinge Region
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Part of antibody that allows bending of the arms to form T or Y shapes
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Stem Region
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Part of antibody where two heavy chains form
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Two regions on antibodies
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2 Variable regions where specific antigen binds that differ between epitopes
1 Constant region that is same in all antibodies of same class |
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Complement Proteins
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Proteins made in the liver in an inactive form because they are dangerous. When first gets activated, triggers cascade of events that causes cytolysis
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