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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Brain, Spinal Cord
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Brain (4)
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1) Cerebrum
2) Diencephalon 3) Brain stem 4) Cerebellum |
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Spinal Cord
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Creates rapid reactions (reflexes)
Pathway for sensory nerve impulses to brian, motor nerve impulses from brain |
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Meninges
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3 Connective tissue membranes
- Covers + protects CNS - Contains CSF |
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Meninges:
Dura Mater |
Consists of outer periosteum + deep meningeal layer
Has dural sinuses + dural septa |
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Dura Mater:
Dural Sinuses |
Collect blood to return to venous system
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Dura Mater:
Dural Septa |
Extends inward to anchor the brain, limiting its movement
1) Falx cerebri (cerebral hemisphere) 2)Falx cerebelli (cerebellum) 3)Tentorium (cerebellum) |
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Meninges:
Arachnoid |
Subarachnoid space - has CSF filled with blood vessels
Arachnoid villi - removes excess CSF from skull |
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Meninges:
Pia Mater |
Pia = delicate
Closely adheres to brian, supports many tiny blood vessels. |
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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1) Gives buoyancy to brain
2) Protects brain + spinal cord from impact damage 3) Delivery medium for nutrients + chemical signals |
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Ventricle
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4 Cavities filled with CSF
- Paired lateral ventricle - Third ventricle - Fourth ventricle |
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Ventricle:
Choroid plexuses |
Secretes CSF along the walls of the ventricles
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Ventricle:
Paired lateral ventricle |
Lie deep within cerebral hemisphere
Seperated by septum pellucidum |
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Ventricle:
Third ventricle |
Lie within the diencephalon
Communicates with lateral ventricles by two interventricular foramina |
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Ventricle:
Fourth ventricle |
Lie in the hindbrain
Communicates with brain + spinal cord |
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Cerebrum
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(Thinking)
1) Interprets sensory impulses 2) Voluntary muscular movement 3) Emotional and intellectual processing Cerebral Cortex |
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Cerebrum:
Cerebral cortex |
Gray matter on outside
Recieves and combines incoming + outgoing information White matter on inside |
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Cerebrum:
(4) Lobes |
Frontal, parietal, temporal + occipital
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Gyri
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Bumps or ridges
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Sulci
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Grooves
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Fissures
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Deep sulci (grooves)
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Sensory Area
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Receive sensory impulses
Posterior half of both hemisphere Directly connects with peripheral sensory receptors |
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Motor Area
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Initiates movement
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Association Areas
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Complex functions, fine control
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Sensory Area:
Primary somatosensory area |
Recieves impulses for touch + spacial orientation
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Sensory Area:
Primary visual area |
Recieves impulses for vision
Eye to thalamus to primary visual area (shape, color, movement of object) |
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Sensory Area:
Primary auditory area |
Recieves impulses for basic characteristics of sound
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Sensory Area:
Primary gustatory area |
(Not visible)
Recieves impulses for taste |
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Sensory Area:
Primary olfactory area |
(Not visible)
Recieves impulses for smell |
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Primary motor area
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Concerned with voluntary muscle control
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What is an EEG?
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Electroencephalogram
Provides record of brain waves when brain cells generate considerable elecrical activity as a result of nerve cell transmission |
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What are alpha waves?
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Present in people who are awake, relaxed.
10-12 cycles/sec |
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Whare are beta waves?
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Present during mental activity or with visual stimuli
13-25 cycles/sec |
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What are theta waves?
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Normally found in infants. Sign of distress in adults.
5-8 cycles/sec |
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What are deta waves?
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Found in infants, sleeping adults. In conscious adults, it's a sign of brain damage.
1-5 cycles/sec |
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Association Area:
Somatosensory association area |
1) Interprets sensations
2) Determines shape + texture without looking at it. 3) Determines orientation between two objects. 4) Sense body part 5) Stores memory of past experiences to compare with present experiences. |
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Association Area:
Visual association area |
1) Recieves sensory impulses from primary visual area + thalamus
2) Relates present/past visual experiences. 3) Recognizing/evaluating what is seen |
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Association Area:
Auditory association area |
Recognition of sound as speech, music, or noise.
Ex. sound of car vs. sound of voice |
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Association Area:
Wernicke's area |
In left temporal + parietal lobes
1) Interprets meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words 2) translates words to thoughts Right hemisphere corresponds to Broca's and Wernicke's in the left (communication by adding emotion) |
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Association Area:
Common integrative area |
1) Integrates sensory interpretations from all sensory association area (sight, smell, sound, etc. come together)
2) Forms thoughts |
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Association Area:
Premotor area |
Anterior to primary motor area
1) Controls learned skills 2) Causes muscles to contract in specific sequence 3) Memory bank for patterns of movement |
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Hemispheric Lateralization
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Appears 30 weeks in fetal development
Left Hemisphere recieves somatic sensory signals from controls muscles on right side of body Right hemisphere recieves+ controls left Motor loss causes opposite damage on other side of body |
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Right Hemisphere
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Analytical
- Reasoning - Numerical - Scientific - Language |
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Left Hemisphere
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Creativity
- Music - Art - Spacial/Pattern perception - Emotion - General mental images |
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Diencephalon (3)
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Extends from brain stem to cerebrum
Surrounds third ventricle 1) Thalamus 2) Hypothalamus 3) Pineal gland |
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Diencephalon:
Thalamus |
Relays/Processes sensory + motor information
With other parts of brain helps regulate - general health + maintenance - emotions - maintains consciousness - cognition (thinking + knowing) Damage - dimentia, numbness, cause coma |
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Diencephalon:
Hypothalamus |
Small part of diencephalon, inferior to thalamus
1) Controls autonomic NS (involuntary) 2) Controls pituitary 3) Regulates emotion, behavior, thirst, hunger 4) Thermoregulation 5) Reproductive rhythms in females Small amount of hypothalamus hormone in male reproductive system Females work as a clock, ovulating once a month. |
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Diencephalon:
Pineal Gland |
Size of pea
Part of endocrine system Secrets melatonin - Promotes sleepiness - Body's biological clock |
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Midbrain
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Conducts nerve impulses from cerebrum to spinal cord, medulla + pons
1) Superior colliculi 2) Inferior colliculi |
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Midbrain:
Superior colliculi |
Reflex center for visual activities
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Midbrain:
Inferior colliculi |
Reflex center for some reactions to auditory stimuli
Doesn't involve conscience brain |
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Pons
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1) Connects left and right cerebellum
2) Voluntary movements from cerebral cortex to cerebellum 3) Helps control breathing (pneumotaxic area, apneustic area) |
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Pons:
Pneumotaxic area |
Speeds up breathing based on C02 in blood stream
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Pons:
Apneustic area |
Responds to stretch receptors of lungs. Guards lungs from over filling with air.
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Medulla Oblongata
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Inferior part of brain stem
Continuation of spinal cord Sensory + motor tracts connects brain + spinal cord 1) Pyramids - Somatic motor tracts (caisamor cross) - 90% of left pass to right + right to left 2) Cardiovascular + medullary rhythmicity areas (controls breathing) Quick death if damaged |
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Brain Injury:
Cerebrovascular accidents (strokes) |
When circulation in brain is interrupted + brain tissue dies
Causes: 1) blood clot (thrombus) 2) hemorrhage Damage depends on injury; motor loss common, hemorrhagic strokes is 80% fatal |
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Thrombus
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Blood clot
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Hemorrhage
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Walls of artery develop soft spots (like bulges)
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Degenerative Brain Disease:
Dimentia |
Exhibits cognitive defects.
Early onset of Alzheimers Strictly genetic - caused by dominant allele (50% chance) No cure, No treatment |
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Degenerative Brain Disease:
Alzheimer's |
Symptom: widespread cognitive defects, disorientation, memory loss, hallucination
Deficit of Ach in cerebral cortex Often associated with defect in gene (APO-E4) helps make apolipoprotein E, which helps to process cholesterol. |
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Degenerative Brain Disease:
Huntington's disease |
Hereditary disorder, caused by DOMINANT allele
Leads to massive degeneration of motor cortex Uncontrollable, abrupt movements of muscle, dementia Related to impariment of enzyme GADPH in glycolysis Appears at 30-40 years of age, fatal within 20 years onset Doesn't show up until people have kids |
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External Spinal Cord
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Larger in cervical + lumbar enlargments
Smallets at inferior tip from medulla oblongata to L2 |
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External Spinal Cord:
Filum terminale |
Extension of pia mater, anchors spinal cord to coccyx
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External Spinal Cord:
Cauda Equina |
(Horse tail)
Series of nerves that enter spinal cord |
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Internal Spinal Cord:
White + Gray matter |
White matter surrounds gray matter
H = Dorsal(back)/Ventral(belly) Horn Central Canal continuous of 4th ventricle Anterior = visceral motor, somatic motor Posterior = visceral sensory, somatic sensory W = vertical tracts to + from brain G = horizontal tracts between somatic + visceral spinal reflexes |
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Spinal Cord:
Anesthesia |
Blocks spinal nerve
Injection in epidural space - lower lumbar + caudal regions Injection in subarachnoid gives widespread effects, too high deactives phrenic nerve (respiratory paralysis) |
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Spinal Cord Disorders:
Shingles |
Herpesvirus infection, attacks nerve endings
Painful rash/blistering develops in areas of affected nerves Virus remains in spinal cord for life Health immune system = no outbreaks |
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Spinal Cord Disorders:
Meningitis |
Infection of meninges
Viral or bacterial (can come after pneumonia, TB, strep, ear infection) Symptoms include headache, fever, heart/breathing problems or coma. Bacterial = treatable with antibiotics |
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Spinal Cord Damage
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Caused by trauma, where the cord is transectected
1) Paraplgeia 2) Quadriplegia 3) Hemiplegia |
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Spinal Cord Damage:
Paraplegia |
Damage is between vertebrae T1 and L1
Results in loss of lower limb |
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Spinal Cord Damage:
Quadriplegia |
Cervical region is damaged
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Spinal Cord Damage:
Hemiplegias |
Loss of function on 1 side.
Usually brain damage |
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Headaches
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Extracrania
Can be related to infections of sinuses, eyes, ears, fatigue, intracranial. Can be due to dilated blood vessels putting pressure on brain, infections, tumors. |
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Cerebral palsy
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Motor disorder, characterized by paresis (partial paralysis) due to oxtgen deprivation
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