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160 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Directly causes mechanical motion
Muscular
Responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses
Nervous
Provides support and levers for muscles to work on
Skeletal
Protects underlying organs from mechanical damage and synthesiszes Vitamin D
Integumentary
Controls the body with chemical molecules called hormones
Endocrine
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
Cardiovascular
Produces antibodies that neutralize foreign substances
Immune

Removes and filters excess fluid from tissues
Lymphatic
T/F
Microtubules are hollow tubes made of subunits of the protein tubulin
True
T/F
Positive feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus
True
T/F
The anatomical position means the body is standing at attention with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body
True
T/F
The elbow is proximal to the shoulder
False
T/F
The serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall is called visceral peritoneum
False
T/F
A major function of serous membranes is to decrease friction
True
T/F
A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function
True
T/F
It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it.
True
T/F
In osmosis, movement of water occurs toward the solution with the lower solute concentration.
False
T/F
A process by which large particles may be taken into the cell for food, protection of the body, or for disposing of old or dead cells is called exocytosis.
False
T/F
Pressure caused by gravity is necessary for any filtration pressure to occur in the body.
False
T/F
The glycocalyx is often refered to as the "cell coat" which is somewhat fuzzy and sticky with numerous cholesterol chains sticking out from the surface of the cell membrane.
False
T/F
In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential ranging from -50 to about +50 millivolts.
False
T/F
Microfilaments are thin strands of the contractile protein myosin.
False
T/F
The cell (plasma) membrane normally contains substantial amounts of cholesterol.
True
T/F
Most organelles are bounded by a membrane that is quite different in structure from the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.
False
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains
A relatively stable internal environment, within limits
The lungs are located in the following cavities
pleural, ventral, and throacic
Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex complex: 1) molecules, 2) atoms, 3) tissues, 4) cells, 5)organ
2, 1, 4, 3, 5
Which of the following statements is most correct of homeostatic imbalence?
It is considered the cause of most diseases.

(Other answers: Positive feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed, negative feedback mechanisms are functioning normally, the internal environment is becoming more stable)
One of the functional characteristics of life is irritability. This refers to:
Sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them.
The anatomical position is used:
As a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body.
A phospholipid is usually
Partially polar and partially nonpolar
Transcytosis is
Transporting a vesicle from one side of a cell to the other and releasing the contents by exocytosis
A human red blood cell placed in pure water would:
Swell and burst
The plasma membrane is:
the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell
Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physicially binding them together into a cell community include all of the following except:
peroxisomes
Once solid food material is phaocytized and taken into a vesicle, which of the following statements best describes what happens
A lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material.

(Other answers: the vacuole remains seperate from the cytoplasm and the solid material persists in the vesicle unchanged, nitrogen gas enters the vacuole and "burns" the enclosed solid materia, A ribosome enters the vacuole and uses the amino acids in the "invader" to form a new protein.)
Which of the following is a function of plasma membrane proteins?
Transport of large molecules through the membrane
Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane?
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
(other answers: glycoproteins, glycolipids, phospholipids)
Phospholipids
Are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic in nature
Passive membrane transport processes include:
Movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
Mitochondria:
Contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to to synthesize and modify proteins for secretory use (export) only, never for use by the cell. This statement is:
False; integral cell membrane proteins are also synthesized this way.
Which of the following is a concept of cell theory?
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.

(other answers: the subcellular organelle is the basic unit of life, only higher organisms are composed of cells, simple cells can arise spontaneously from rotting vegetation)
The endomembrane system is:
An interactive system of organelles whose membranes are physically or functionally connected.
DNA replication:
Takes place during interphase of the cell cycle
Chromosomes decoil to form chromatin during:
Telophase
Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell
Anaphase
T/F
Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has exactly as many chromosomes as the parent cells.
True
________ is the division of the cytoplasm into 2 parts.
Cytokinesis
The presence of lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels would indicate:
Osseous tissue
Which statement best describes connective tissue?
Usually Contains a large amount of matrix

Other answers: Always arranged in a single layer of cells, primarily concerned with secretion, usually lines a body cavity
Matrix is:
Fibers and ground substance
The shape of the external ear is maintained by:
Elastic tissue
Chondroblasts
Within the cartilage, divide and secrete new matrix
Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in __________ connective tissue
Embryonic
The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is best adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress?
Compact bone
Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of:
Fat
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the:
osteoblast
A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the:
diaphysis
Cartilage is found in strategic places in the human skeleton. What is responsible for the reilience of cartilage?
High water content
The most abundant skeletal cartilage type is
Hyaline
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?
Communication
The structural unit of compact bone is:
the osteon
Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of:
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called:
Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of:
Blood vessels and nerve fibers
The small spaces in the bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live are called:
lacunae
Vertebrae are considered:
irregular bones
Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. Appositional growth is:
The secretion of new matrix against the external face of exisiting cartilage along the edges only.
Spongy bones are made up of a framework called:
Trabeculae
What kind of tissue is forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
Hyaline cartilage
In bone formation, a deficiency of growth hormone will cause:
decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage.
Ossification of the ends of long bones
Is produced by secondary ossification centers.
For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?
An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.
The process of bones increasing in width is known as:
Appositional growth
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?
Osteoclast
Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?
Parathyroid hormone
The universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton, which begins about the age of 40:
is caused by incomplete osteon formation and mineralization.
A bone fracture perpendicular to the bone's axis is called:
transverse fracture
Wolff's law is concerned with:
the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it.
Cranial bones develop:
within fibrous membranes
Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels?
Thyroid
In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows:
By pushing the epipysis away from the diaphysis
Osteogenesis is the process of:
Bone formation
Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through:
Interstitual growth of the epiphyseal plates.
In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause?
Elevated levels of sex hormones
Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of:
Calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
Which fracture would be least likely in a 92-year-old?
Greenstick
The remodeling of bone is a function of which cells?
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Formation of the bony callus in fracture repair is followed by:
Bone remodeling to convert woven bone to compact bone
_________ bones are small rounded bones contained within tendons
Sesamoid
the _______ of a long bone is the long central shaft composed primarily of compact bone with a meduallary cavity inside.
Diaphysis
Which of the following is incorrect regarding bone marrow?
All are correct.

(Other answers: yellow marrow is used for fat storage, red marrow is the primary site of blood cell synthesis throughout life, yellow marrow can revert to red marrow to produce more blood cells if necessary, in adults red marrow is found in spongy bone and yellow marrow is found in compact bone)
__________ are chambers in which osteocytes are found in fully formed compact bone tissue.
Lacunae
______ are the channels that connect adjacent osteocytes and allow for intercellular communication through the non living inorganic bone matrix.
Canaliculi
Which of the following is correct regarding intramembranous ossification?
Layers of primitive connective tissue coalesce at the site of the bone and differentiate into osteoblasts
Of the following steps of endochondral ossification, which occurs first?
Periosteum forms a compact bone layer around the primary ossification center
Which layer of the epipheseal plate is the layer where older cells are pushed away from the epiphysis while osteoblasts begin laying down calcium salts around the collagen matrix?
Thickening layer
During what approximate time do long bones begin to ossify?
3rd month-prenatal
OR
4th month-prenatal
T/F
The amount of movement permitted by a particular joint is the basis for the functional classification of joints.
True
T/F
All joints permit some degree of movement, even if that movement is very slight.
False
T/F
Hinge joints permit movement in only two planes.
False
T/F
Synovial fluid is a viscous lubricating material that is derived by filtration from the blood.
True
A fibrous joint that is a peg-in socket, like that seen for your teeth is called a:
Gophosis
An immovable joint found only between skull bones is called a:
Suture
Articular carticlage found at the ends of long bones serves to:
Provide a smooth surface at the ends of bones
A joint united by dese fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a:
syndesmosis
Conncective tissue sacs lined with synovial membranes that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called:
Bursae
Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are:
amphiarthroses
Which of the following joints affords uniaxial movement?
Hinge
The gliding motion of the wrist can be accomplished because of the ______ joints located there.
Plane
________ are cartilaginous joints.
Synchondroses
The bending of your neck posteriorly until it hurts (ie. beyond the normal range of motion for the joint) is an ex. of:
Hyperextension
Synartrotic joints:
Permit essentially no movement
The following ar fibrous joints:
Sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
Which of the following statements defines synchondroses?
Cartilaginous joints where hylaine cartilage unites the ends of bones
Which of the following is a true statement regarding gliding movements?
Gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints
When one is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body it is called:
Abduction
The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to:
the feet
T/F
The articular surfaces of synovial joint play a miniamls role in joint satbility
True
Movement allowed in a pivot joint is known as:
Rotation
Which of the following joints would have a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, a synovial membrane, and reinforcing ligaments?
Hinge
Which of the following statements best describes angular movements?
They change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones
T/F
The main role of hte ligament at he synovial joint is to help detect teh movement and restrict undesirable movement
True
Tendon sheaths
Act as friction reducing structures
Saddle joints have both concave and convex surfaces, allowing for biaxial movement of the joint. Which two bones of the hand form a saddle joints?
Trapezium of the wrist; metacarpal I
The triads of a muscle fiber consist of
Two terminal cisternae and a T-tubule
T/F
The only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae is flexion
False
Each end of a sarcomere is marked by
A Z disc
The region of a sarcomere where actin and myosin overlap is:
The A Band
Which of the following is considered to be a regulatory protein of the myofilaments?
Troponin
T/F
Movement at hte hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as that of the shoulder joint
True
The fibrous tissue that surrounds each muscle cell or fiber is called _______ and its function is to ________.
Endomysium; insulate adjacent muscle cells from one another.
The outer membrane around the muscle cel or fiber is called the _______, while the tunnel like infoldings of the outer membrane form part of the triad are called the _________.
Sarcolemma; transverse tubules
The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores _______ ions and forms dialated sacs alongside transverse (T) tubules called:
Calcium; terminal cisternae
T/F
A person who had been diagnoses with a sprained ankle has an injury to the ligament that attach to the joint
True
In skeletal muscle, the light bands are called ______ and they contain _______.
I bands; actin
The distance from one Z disc to the next is called the ______ and it _____ during muscle contraction
Sarcomere; shortens
T/F
The knee joint allows for extension and flexion movements only
False
An elaborate netword of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the ______
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
The striations of a skeletal muscle cell are produced, for the most part, by:
The arrangement of myofilaments
T/F
A movement of the forearm in which the plam of the hand is turned for posterior to anterior is supination
True
Which of the following are composed of myosin?
Thick filaments
Which of the following surrounds muscl fascicles?
Perimysium
The functional role of the T tubules is to:
Enhance cellular communication during muscle contration
T/F
Cruciate ligaments are important ligamenst that stabilize all ball-and-socket joints
False
Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except
Secretion
T/F
Moving the arm in a full circle about the shoulder is an example of circumduction
True
T/F
Flexion of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches the shin (anterior tibial surface) is called dorsiflexion
True
T/F
The structural classification of joints is based on the composition of the binding material and the presence or absence of a joint cavity
True
T/F
Ball-and-socket joints are multiaxial joints
True
T/F
A nonaxial movement is usually seen at a joint such as a hinge
False
T/F
All skeletal muscles have an orgine and an insertion
True
T/F
Each muscle fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the endoeurium
False
T/F
The bone at the mucsle's insertion shows little or no movement when that muscle contracts
False
T/F
Involuntary muscles can be smooth or striated
True
T/F
Troponin is part of the thick filament of asarcomere
False
T/F
THe thin filamenst of a sarcomere contain the activity sites for myosin attachment
True
T/F
The primary function of skeletal muscle is contraction; a secondary function of skeletal muscle is the production of heat.
True
T/F
When a muscle fiber contracts, the I bands diminish in size, the H zone disappear, and the A bands move closer together but do not diminish in length
True