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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
gluconeogenesis
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metabolic process in which glucose is formed, mostly in the liver, from non-carbohydrate products
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glycogenesis
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conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver; glycogen formation
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How are ketone bodies produced in the body?
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When fats or protein are catabolized for energy in the absence of carbohydrates
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ketone bodies
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toxic waste product that builds up in the body if fats or protein are burned for energy in the absence of carbohydrates
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calorie
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the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
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kilocalorie/Calorie [with a capital C]
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the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 KILOgram of water 1 degree Celsius; aka the "large calorie"
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What 7 factors affect BMR?
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Thyroid hormone level
Age Gender Physical condition Body weight Genetic differences Daily energy expenditure |
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basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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01. a measurement of energy required to keep the body functioning at rest
02. the rate at which heat is produced by an individual in a resting state |
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anabolism
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the building of proteins and muscle mass in the body; the opposite of catabolism
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catabolism
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the breaking down phase of metabolism; the opposite of anabolism
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aerobic
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name given to a process which requires oxygen
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phosphorylation
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the process of attaching a phosphate group to another molecule.
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What are the 2 types of phosphorylation?
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Substrate level and oxidative
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minerals
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inorganic ions released through the dissociation of electrolytes
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vitamins
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any of a group of organic substances essential in small quantities to normal metabolism;
two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble |
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nutrient
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any chemical substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue
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Which 4 vitamins are fat-soluble?
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Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Tip: ADEK |
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Which 5 vitamins are water-soluble?
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B vitamins
Biotin Niacin Folate (folic acid) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) |
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Which type of vitamins are mostly coenzymes?
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Fat-soluble vitamins
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thermoregulation
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the homeostatic ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within acceptable limits regardless of environmental conditions
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What are the 4 basic processes of heat transfer with the environment?
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Radiation
Conduction Convection Evaporation Tip: RCCE |
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radiation
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heat transfer between objects that are not physically touching
Note: The same heat you feel from the sun. |
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conduction
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heat transfer through physical contact
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convection
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heat loss (transfer) to the air that surrounds the body
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evaporation
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heat transfer through water being change from a liquid a vapor; cools the surface where evaporation occurred
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What area of the brain is responsible for regulating heat gain and heat loss?
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Heat-loss center and heat-gain center of the preoptic area of anterior hypothalamus
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acclimatization
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physiological adaptation to an environment over time
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Which individual is more readily to lose heat?
Large individuals or Small individuals |
Small individuals
Tip: They are small and have no fat to insulate the heat. |
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Since infants cannot shiver, what feature allows them to quickly raise their body temperature?
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Brown fat
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brown fat
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highly vascularized tissue on the upper body of infants
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homeotherm
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organism capable of maintaining a constant body temperature under most circumstances
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What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?
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Oyxgen is the final electron acceptor at the end of oxidative phosphorylation.
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How much ATP is produced during aerobic respiration?
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36 ATP
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How much ATP is produced during anaerobic respiration?
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2 ATP
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What pathways are involved in aerobic respiration?
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All three pathways, which include
Glycolysis Krebs cycle (TCA cycle) Electron Transport System |
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What pathways are involved in anaerobic respiration?
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Only glycolysis
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lactic acid
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an organic acid produced during the breakdown of glucose in anaerobic respiration when oxygen is in short supply
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How many ATPs are produced during the following pathway?
Glycolysis |
2 ATP
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How many ATPs are produced during the following pathway?
Krebs Cycle |
2 ATP
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How many ATPs are produced during the following pathway?
Electron Transport System |
32 ATP
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Identify the chemicals that enter and exit the following pathway:
Glycolysis |
Enter = Glucose
Exit = 2 ATP, 2 pyruvic acid 2 NADH |
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Identify the chemicals that enter and exit the following pathway:
Krebs Cycle |
Enter = 2 acetyl-CoA
Exit = 2 ATP, 6 NADH 2 FADH2 |
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Identify the chemicals that enter and exit the following pathway:
Electron Transport System |
Enter = 10 NADH
2 FADH2 Exit = 32 ATP Note: 2 extra NADH from conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA |
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Where does each pathway occur in the cell?
Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport System |
Glycolysis = Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle = Mitochondria ETS = Inner mitochondrial membrane |
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essential nutrient
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nutrient required for normal body functioning
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List 1 function for the following vitamin.
A |
Synthesis of visual pigments
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List 1 function for the following vitamin.
B1 |
Maintain CNS and for converting carbs to energy
Note: Muscle weakness is a sign of deficiency. |
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List 1 function for the following vitamin.
B2 |
Maintain epithelia and mucosa
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List 1 function for the following vitamin.
Niacin |
Maintain CNS, GI, epithelia, and mucosa
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List 1 function for the following vitamin.
B12 |
RBC production
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List 1 function for the following vitamin.
C |
Maintain epithelia and mucosa
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List 1 function for the following vitamin.
D |
Normal bone growth
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List 1 function for the following vitamin.
E |
Prevents breakdown of vitamin A
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List 1 function for the following vitamin.
K |
Liver synthesis of prothrombin
Clotting factors |
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What is the first step of amino acid catabolism?
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Remove amino group (-NH2)
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What are the 2 ways an amino group can be removed in amino acid catabolism?
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Transanimation
Deanimation |
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transanimation
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attaches amino group to keto acid; done in various cells
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deanimation
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prepares amino acid for breakdown in Krebs Cycle by removal of amino group and hydrogen; results in ammonium (NH4+); occurs in the liver
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Out of the 10 essential amino acids, how many can your body synthesize?
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2 out of 10
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amination
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attachment of an amino group
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What process generates ammonium ions in the liver?
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Deanimation (of amino acids)
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The amount of ATP made per gram during protein catabolism is comparable to _______ catabolism.
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carbohydrate
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cytochrome
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cell membrane proteins
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ATP synthase
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enzyme designed to release phosphate whenever hydrogen passes through during oxidative phosphorylation
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metabolic water
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water created in our cells via oxidative phosphorylation
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Why do humans still need to perform anaerobic respiration when aerobic respiration is more productive?
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We NEED to.
2 ATP is better than 0 when oxygen is inadequate. They are done simultaneously. |
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What happens to the pyruvic acid created during glycolysis in anaerobic respiration? (3)
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Lactic acid fermentation [store it in muscles]
Alcohol fermentation [yeast turns pyruvic acid into ethanol] Bacteria alters it into "stuff" that can cause gangrene, etc. |
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alcohol fermentation
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formation of alcohol from sugar; yeast converts pyruvic acids into ethanol
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