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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 6 functions of the urinary system?
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Regulation of blood volume and pressure
Regulation of plasma ion conc. Conservation of Nutrients Regulation of blood pH Detox of blood Urine production |
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How much fluid (L) does the kidney process every 24 hours?
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180 L
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Since the kidneys are so efficient, an individual usually doesn't have renal problems until ___% of their kidneys have deteriorated.
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80%
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What are the 3 blood organs?
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Liver
Spleen Kidneys |
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What elements are involved in the regulation of plasma ion concentration?
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Sodium
Potassion Chloride Tip: SPiC |
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Where are the kidneys located? (ribs)
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T12 - L3 retroperitoneal portion
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What surrounds and holds up the kidneys?
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Perinephric (perirenal) fat and other connective tissue
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ptosis (nephroptosis)
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kidney drops down into the pelvis when the patient stands up
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What is the maximum amount of liquid (mL) the urinary bladder can hold?
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1000 mL (= 1 L)
Others argue that it is 500 mL. |
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Why do women have a higher chance of UTI than men?
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The female urethra is much shorter, making it so that bacteria has less distance to travel in order to cause an infection.
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How long is the female urethra?
How long is the male urethra? |
Female = 3-5 cm (1-2 in.)
Male = 20 cm (7-8 in.) |
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renal sinus
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a cavity within the kidney which is occupied by the renal pelvis, renal calyces, blood vessels, nerves and fat
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hilum
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dent in an organ for artery and vein to enter
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At any given time of the day, ___% of your entire blood volume is in your kidneys.
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25%
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What are the functional units of the kidney?
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nephrons
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What are the 3 processes that occur in the nephron?
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Filtration
Reabsorption Secretion |
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filtration
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material (solutes/H2O) moving into renal corpuscle through a filter; some things get through and some do not
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reabsorption
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material moving from a tubule (filtrate) to the peritubular capillary (blood)
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secretion
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material moving from outside a tubule to inside a tubule (in order to be secreted out as urine)
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What is the only place filtration occurs in the nephron?
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Renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule)
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What process(es) occurs in the PCT?
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Reabsorption and some secretion
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What process(es) occurs in the Loop of Henle?
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Reabsorption
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What process(es) occurs in the DCT/CD?
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Reabsorption and some secretion (variable)
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Why are the DCT and CD considered the same?
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Because they perform the same function
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About how many nephrons do you have in both kidneys?
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2.5 million nephrons
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cortical nephron
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nephron located in the cortex of the kidney
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juxtamedullary nephron
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nephron that has parts of it go down into the medulla of the kidney
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What % of nephrons are...
cortical? juxtamedullary? |
cortical = 85%
juxtamedullary = 15% |
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fenestra
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small opening, sometimes covered with a membrane
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vasa recta
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pertitubular capillary that goes straight down along with nephron loop; aids in equalizing concentration between limbs
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What are the 2 parts that make up the filtration membrane?
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Podoctyes and filtration slits
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Podocytes are cells of what structure?
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Bowman's capsule, even though they can be found in the glomerulus capillary
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podocytes
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"foot cells"; feet are called pedicels; part of the filtration membrane
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filtration slits
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spaces between podocytes on the glomerulus capillary
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What is the BP in the glomerulus capillary?
Is this high or low for a capillary? |
50 mm Hg
This is a high number for a capillary. |
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What is the net filtration pressure in the glomerulus capillary?
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10 mm Hg
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What are the opposing forces in the glomerulus capillary that affect pressure?
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50 mm Hg of BP
vs. 15 mm Hg of fluid pressure 25 mm Hg of osmotic pressure |
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Why does caffeine increase urination?
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Caffeine increases BP
Which increases net filtration pressure More filtration = More urination |
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What the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
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125 mL/min
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filtrate
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anything that passes through a filter; in the nephron, it is essentially blood plasma w/ some chemical differences
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___ follows ____, when it can.
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H2O follows Na+, when it can.
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leak channel
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ion channel open all of the time
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countertransport
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exchange pump via a cell membrane protein, i.e. Na+/K+ pump
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cotransport
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when one product gets transported as a byproduct of another; "hitching a ride"
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What process does Na+ reabsorption results from?
What process allows H2O to follow Na+? |
Active transport pump
H2O follows by simple diffusion. |
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How are glucose, amino acids, and other organics reabsorbed?
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Cotransport with Na+ and THEN facilitated diffusion into peritubular capillary
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countercurrent
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exchange between fluids moving in opposite directions
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How do HCO3- and Cl- move through the PCT?
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They follow Na+ (through diffusion) by the force of electrical gradient
Note: HCO3- and Cl- are negative and Na+ are positive. |
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How much of HCO3- gets reabsorbed in the PCT?
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90%
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How much of Cl- gets reabsorbed in the PCT?
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50%
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By the end of the PCT,
___% of Na+ is reabsorbed and ___% of H2O is reabsorbed. |
65% of Na+ is reabsorbed and
65% of H2O is reabsorbed. |
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Describe the widths of the limbs of the loop of Henle.
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Descending limb = Thin
Ascending limb = Thick |
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permeable
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allowing fluids or gases to pass or diffuse through
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Identify what is permeable and not permeable in the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
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Permeable to H2O
Not permeable to Na+ |
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Identify what is permeable and not permeable in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
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Not permeable to H2O
Active transport (pumps out) Na+ and Cl- |
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Concentration in the loop of Henle gets super ____, until solutes _____ while in the __________.
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Concentration in the loop of Henle gets super HIGH, until solutes LEAVE while in the ASCENDING LIMB.
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Which limb of the loop of Henle makes tissue around it hypertonic (more concentrated)?
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Ascending limb because Na+ and Cl- get transported out of it
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What are the only kind of nephrons urea are permeable to?
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Juxtamedullary nephrons
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What 2 structures on the juxtamedullary nephron are urea permeable to?
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Ascending limb of loop of Henle
Papillary duct |
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papillary duct
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portion of the collecting duct that is all the way down by the renal papilla in juxtamedullary nephrons
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Before filtrate enters the DCT/CD, approximately ___% of H2O and Na+ have been reabsorbed. Only ___% is left in the filtrate.
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90% has been reabsorbed.
Only 10% is left in the filtrate. |
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In what part of the nephron does the "fine tuning" happen?
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DCT/CD
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Identify the 5 substances secreted by the PCT.
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H+
NH4- Creatinine Some drugs Some toxic chemicals (by countertransport with Na+) |
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Identify the 6 substances secreted by the DCT/CD.
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H+
NH4- Creatinine Some drugs Some toxic chemicals (by countertransport with Na+) Occasionally K+ |
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What is secreted by the loop of Henle?
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Nothing
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Identify the 4 nitrogenous wastes often found in urine.
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Ammonium (NH4-)
Urea (CO(NH2)2) Uric Acid (C5H4N4O3) Creatinine (C3H3N3O) |
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The bladder is located behind the ______ _______ in both sexes.
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pubic symphysis
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What kind of epithelia does the bladder have?
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Transitional epithelia
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Similar to the stomach, what characteristic does the bladder have that allows it to expand?
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Rugae
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How many liter(s) can the bladder hold at once?
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1 liter
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detrusor muscle
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smooth muscle of the urinary bladder made up of 2 longitudinal outer layers with a circular layer inbetween
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What action occurs when the detrusor muscle contracts?
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The bladder is compressed and urine is pushed into urethra
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What are the 2 muscles of the urethra and what are their functions?
Which one is under voluntary control? Which one is skeletal muscle? |
Internal urethral sphincter
External urethral sphincter (under voluntary control; in genital area; skeletal muscle) |
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micturition
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the process of disposing of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra
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What triggers the micturition reflex?
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200 mL of urine
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What are the 5 steps to the micturition reflex?
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1. Stretch receptors triggered
2. Afferent/efferent communication with CNS 3. Detrusor muscle contracts 4. Internal sphincter relaxes 5. External sphincter relaxes |
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Why does alcohol cause one to urinate?
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Alcohol inhibits ADH
Nephrons become less permeable to water Travels passes on through to the ureters and then the bladder |
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hemodialysis
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dialysis of the blood to remove toxic substances or metabolic wastes from the bloodstream; used in the case of kidney failure
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nephritis
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an inflammation of the kidney
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renal calculi (kidney stones)
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solid mass of tiny crystals when that forms when urine contains too much of certain substances
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glomerular nephritis
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inflammation/damage of the glomeruli
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renal failure
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inability of the kidneys to excrete wastes and to help maintain the electrolyte balance;
decline in kidney function over time |
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diuretics
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any substance (drug) that increase the flow of urine, thus ridding the body of extra water
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incontinence
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involuntary urination or defecation
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Glucose in urine is indicative of what...
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Diabetes
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Ketones in urine is indicative of what...
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Not enough carbohydrates in the diet.
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Bilrubin in urine is indicative of what...
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Liver disease
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Too many WBCs in the urine is indicative of what...
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UTI or other infection in the bladder or kidney.
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What is the normal range of urine pH?
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4-8
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Where do we get urea from?
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Deanimation of amino acids in liver
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NH4-
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ammonium
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uric acid
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a white tasteless odorless crystalline product of protein metabolism; found in the blood and urine
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NH3
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ammonia
Note: This is different from ammonium (NH4-) |
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What happens to the blood after it exits the efferent arteriole?
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It goes to peritubular capillaries to reabsorb items that will be coming out of tubules.
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What effect does Angiotensin II have on the pressure in the afferent arteriole?
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NONE!
It only constricts the efferent arteriole. |
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What effect does Angiotensin II have on the pressure in the efferent arteriole?
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Constriction in order to increase BP
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glucocortoid
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any of a group of steroid hormones, produced by the adrenal cortex, that are involved in metabolism and have anti-inflammatory properties
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