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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Pathology?
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The study of Disease.
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What are the 4 components of Pathology?
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-Etiology - causation
-Pathogenesis - development of disease -Morphologic changes - lesions (Gross, LM, EM) things you can see/measure -Functional Derangements - clinical tests on blood, serum, urine, etc. |
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What is General Pathology?
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cell injury and death, inflammation, tissue repair, hemodynamic disorders, neoplasia, diseases of immunity, infectious diseases, genetic diseases, toxicity (environment), nutritional disorders
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What is Systemic pathology?
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Pathology of organ systems
-Circulatory, musculoskeletal, respiratory, alimentary, renal, endocrine -Central and peripheral nervous systems, reproductive system |
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What is cellular homeostasis?
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cells maintain relatively constant internal environment despite changes in external environment
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How do cells adapt?
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-changes in growth
-changes in defferentiation |
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What happens when the cell's ability to adapt is exceeded?
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-cell injury
-cell death |
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What is Hypertrophy and define two types of it?
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an increase in size (cell or organ)
-physiologic - exercise-induced increase in muscle mass -pathologic - heart enlargement in hypertension |
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What is Hyperplasia and define two types of it?
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an increase in cell number
-physiologic - increase in glands in uterine mucosa -pathologic - PSYCHE - if its abnormal its considered neoplasia instead of hyperplasia, like in a tumor/cancer |
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What is Atrophy and define two types of it?
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a decrease in size (cell or organ)
-physiologic - involution of the uterus -pathologic - muscle atrophy after nerve damage |
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What is a main cause of hypertrophy?
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often due to increased protein sythesis in response to hormones, cytokines, etc
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What does Tumor Necorsis Factor do? (TNF)
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causes cell atrophy
-mediates Cachexia - "wasting away" |
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In atrophy, degradation exceeds synthesis. What is going on?
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-decreased synthesis
-increased degradation - cellular proteins mainly via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway - increased autophagy -lack of growth factor hormone -Cachexia - wasting away - mediated by Tumor Necrosis Factor |
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What is Autophagy?
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a catabolic process involving the degradation of a cell's own components through the lysosomal machinery
-its normal |
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What is catabolic?
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set of metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units
-releases energy |
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What is anabolic?
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set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units
-requires energy |
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What is Metaplasia?
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the replacement of one mature cell type by another mature cell type.
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What are 3 points of Metaplasia?
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-change in differentiation from basal cells
-new cell type is more able to withstand new stress -reversible in many cases if cause/stress is removed |
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What are 3 examples of Metaplasia?
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-Squamous metaplasia of respiratory epithelium in response to smoking
-Glandular metaplasia of esophagus due to acid reflux -Ossification in tendon due to mechanical stress |
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What is necrosis?
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the premature death of cells - unplanned
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What is Apoptosis?
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programmed cell death
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List 5 steps to Necrosis?
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-Swelling of cell and organelles
-Chromatin clumping - discrete pieces of DNA -Membrane damage -Enzymatic digestion --Autolysis - cell dissolves itself --heterolysis - outside cell provides the enzymes to dissolve injured cell -Elicits inflammation - due to released contents |
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List 6 steps to Apoptosis?
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-Shrinkage (rounding)
-Nuclear condensation -Cytoplasmic budding -Membrane bound apoptic bodies -Phagocytosis - by other cell/macrophage -no inflammation |
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Define Etiology.
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cause or origin of a disease or disorder
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What are the 3 classes of Etiology?
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-Intrinsic (genetic)
---single gene defect ---polygenic -Aquired ---Oxygen deprivation, physical injury, infectious agent ---Chemical exposure, nutrition, immune reactions, aging -Environmental - influences and interactions between agents |
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What are the 4 possible outcomes when a stress is introduced?
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-Cellular adaptation
---hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia -Reversible cellular injury ---swelling, fatty change -Irreversible injury ---Membrane damage, mitochondrial damage -Cell death |
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What are 3 factors that affect whether an injury is reversible or irreversible?
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-Magnitude of injury
-Duration of insult -Type of cell/tissue |
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What are 5 things that can cause necrosis?
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-Lack of Oxygen
---Hypoxia - decrease in arterial oxygen ---Ischemia - decrease in oxygen due to blockage in arteries -Reactive oxygen species - hydrogen peroxide, carbon monoxide -Chemicals - directly and indirectly -Physical agents - heat, radiation, pressure -Toxins and infectious agents - brown recluse toxin |
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What is Hypoxia?
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decreased oxygen
-occurs in ischemia other causes - -anemia, cardiorespiratory failure, CO -Adaptation - atrophy |
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What is Ischemia?
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lack of perfusion
-includes hypoxia but worse due to lack of all nutrients and increase in waste products |
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What is pathogenesis?
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the series of events from pathology (cause) to disease
ex.- -etiologic agent - Vibrio cholerae -pathogenesis - ingestion, colonization, production of toxin, subunit A of toxin ADP-ribosylates a G protein and turns on adenylyl cyclase, increased cAMP causes secretion of fluid, severe diarrhea, dehydration, shock, death |
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What are some mechanisms of cell injury?
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-depletion of ATP
-Mitochondrial damage -Loss of Ca++ homeostasis -Accumulation of Oxygen-derived free radicals -Defects in membrane permeability ---Direct - lipid peroxidation by ROS (reactive oxygen species) ---Secondary to loss of ATP |
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If mitochondria are damaged, what are the effects on the cell due to decreased ATP. (reversible)
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-Na pump stops working
---Loss of microvilli, blebs, ER swelling, Cellular swelling - influx of Ca++, H2O, and Na+, Efflux of K+ -Increased Glycolysis ---Decreased glycogen storage, decreased pH - causes clumping of nuclear chromatin -detachment of ribosomes, decreased protein synthesis, lipid deposition |
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What happens if an injurious agent compromises the cell membrane and there is an increase in cytosolic Ca++? (reversible)
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increased activity of some enzymes
-ATPase - decreased ATP -Phospholipase - Decreased phospholipids -Protease - Disruption of membrane and cytoskeletal proteins -Endonuclease - nuclear chromatin damage |
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What are reactive oxygen species (ROS) and why are they so bad?
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O2*, H2O2, OH*, and other free radicals.
-Free radicals have an unpaired e-, chemically unstable, readily react with other molecules resulting in chemical damage. -Free radicals initiate autocatalytic reactions; molecules that react with free radicals are in turn converted to free radicals |
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Normal redox reactions generate free radicals so where do the bad ones come from?
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-Ionizing radiation (UV, X-rays) can hydrolyze water into hydroxyl (OH•) and hydrogen (H•) free radicals
-Metabolism of exogenous chemicals such as CCl4can generate free radicals -antimicrobial reactions can generate free radicals |
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What can happen when the cell can't cope with Free radicals?
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-membrane lipid peroxidation
-protein cross-linking and fragmentation -DNA fragmentation |
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What is neoplasia?
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the abnormal increase/proliferation of cells that can result in an abnormal mass of tissue.
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What is dysplasia?
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abnormality of development.
-in pathology, alteration in size, shape, and organization of adult cells |
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What is pyknosis?
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a thickening, especially degeneration of a cell in which the nucleus shrinks in size and the chromatin condenses to a solid, structureless mass or masses
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What is karyolysis?
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the dissolution of the nucleus of a cell
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What is karyorrhexis?
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rupture of the cell nucleus in which the chromatin disintegrates into formless granules that are extruded from the cell
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