Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nueroanatomy |
Study of neurons |
|
Glial Cells |
Produce nutrients nerve cells need to live. Outnumber nerves 10-1. Does not send nerve impulses. |
|
Dendrites |
Receives info from other nerve cells, triggers firing |
|
Soma |
Contains organelles of nerve cell |
|
Axon |
Like an aluminum wire, carries electronic signals down nerve to synaptic knobs |
|
Myelin Sheath |
Insulator for axon |
|
Terminal buttons (synaptic knobs) |
Back (Definition) At end of nerve. Passes on signal to next nerve via synaptic gap |
|
Resting potential |
Nerve has ability to fire |
|
Depolarization |
Enough sodium ions flow into neuron to change it's electrical charge |
|
Action potential |
Neuron IS firing
|
|
Absolute threshold |
Level of ions needed to stimulate a nervous impulse |
|
All or nothing principle |
Firing is binary; on or off, all or nothing. |
|
Refractory period |
Very brief rest period between firings |
|
Neurotransmitters |
Chemicals secreted at synapse. Operate over very small spaces/time |
|
Excitatory |
Excites system And encourages it to fire |
|
Inhibitory |
Encourages system NOT to fire |
|
Afferent neurons |
Brings info/impulses TO brain A is an arrow to the brain so Afferent. |
|
Efferent (Motor) neutrons |
Signals FROM brain. Tells body what to do. Moving is just eh so ehfferent neurons |
|
Inter neurons |
Connection between Afferent and efferent systems and the brain |
|
Nervous system |
Carries info and commands all over the body |
|
Central Nervous System (CNS) |
-All nerves invaded in bone -spinal chord provides some reflexes |
|
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
-All nerves NOT encased in bone -Autonomic and Somatic systems |
|
Autonomic nervous system |
-involuntary actions (heart rate etc) -sympathetic and parasympathetic systems |
|
Somatic Nervous System |
Voluntary control; motor, thought, etc |
|
Sympathetic nervous system |
-Speeds up what you need, slows down what you don't -3 Fs |
|
Parasympathetic nervous system |
-slows down, usually after the sympathetic system has done it's work. -Rest/digest |
|
Split brain research and conclusions |
Severed corpus collosum Different hemispheres do different things, cutting them minimized communication |
|
Contralaterality |
Name for separate halves of brain |
|
Longitudinal fissure |
The crack in our brains |
|
Corpus callosum |
Connects the two sides of the brain like a network cable |
|
Old reptilian brain concept |
Evolutionarily of oldest part of brain. Contains hindbrain and brainstem. Basic life functions |
|
Himdbrain |
Part of old reptilian. Basic life functions |
|
Brainstem And pieces |
Regulates basic life like heart rate, sleeping, eating, etc. contains medulla, oblongata, pons and midbrain |
|
Medulla |
Heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, reflexes like coughing or puking. |
|
Pons |
Above medulla, below midbrain. Sensory roles in hearing and taste as well as physical reactions like movements, chewing and tears |
|
Reticular formation |
Sleep and consciousness, screens the info going to the cerebellum. |
|
Cerebellum |
Receives info from sensory organs/spinal chord and coordinates things like balance and fluent speech. |
|
Old mammalian beain |
Memory/motion Midbrain |
|
Midbrain |
Memory/motion |
|
Limbic system |
Nerve system in brain, controls basic emotions like fear, pleasure, anger and the drives, like hunger, protection of young. |
|
Thalamus |
Middle of brain. Coordinates voluntary motion. Also regulates states of consciousness. Helps relay audio and touch info to somatosensory cortex. |
|
Hypothalamus |
Below thalamus. Controls endocrine system via pituitary gland. Links endocrine to nervous system |
|
Hippocampus |
Emotion, memory and autonomic nervous system |
|
Amygdala |
Regulation of emotions like fear. Stores potentially important memories |
|
Brain lesson |
Brain wound |
|
New mammalian brain |
Fore brain, crowning achievement of evolution. |
|
Forebrain |
Higher level thinking and functions, like math and stuff. |
|
Cerebral cortex And parts |
Largest portion of brain. Covers almost entire top of brain. Higher level thinking. Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. |
|
Frontal lobes |
Thinking/planning Personality Fluent, faultless speech. |
|
Motor cortex |
Where nerve impulses originate Initiates voluntary muscular activity |
|
Cerebrum |
Basically everything above brain stem |
|
Broca's srea |
Back left side, responsible for speech production. |
|
Parietal lobes |
Managed sensory info. Takes all info to make one single perception |
|
Somatosensory cortex |
Main reciprocal for sensation of touch |
|
Temporal lobes |
Interprets everything you hear, turns raw speech into meaningful info |
|
Auditory cortex |
Interprets auditory informations with higher levels of thinking and hearing as well as basic ones |
|
Wernicke's area |
Speech comprehension |
|
Occipital lobes |
Visual center of mammalian brain, makes sense of/interprets what you see |
|
Visual cortex |
Primary reciprocal of info from eyes. Part of neocortex |
|
Endocrine system |
System of hormone-secreting glands throughout the body. |
|
Hormones and major hormone functions |
Chemicals used to regulate SO MANY THINGS. Most of them are changes in the body/signals to consciousness. |
|
Homeostasis |
Internal balance |
|
Thyroid Gland |
Regulates metabolism/"gas mileage" |
|
Adrenal Gland |
Adrenaline(epidula) |
|
Pancreas |
Insulting, regulates blood sugar |
|
Twin study and research |
70% nature, 30% nurture. When one is eliminated the other makes the difference. |
|
Zygote |
Sperm/egg |
|
Dizygotic twins |
2 eggs; fraternal twins |
|
Monozygotic |
1 egg, zygote did mitosis. Identical twins |
|
Genome |
Complete genomic sequence. |
|
Genotype |
Generic trait inventory |
|
Phenotype |
Physically observable traits |
|
Chromosome |
Molecule of DNA with our coding in it. -46 in normal cells -23 in gametes |
|
Chromosomal abnormalities |
-deletion -inversion -erroneous insertion -addition |
|
Poly genetic transmission |
Multitude of genes do for one trait; no one set of genes. |
|
Epigenetics |
Ancestors experiences can change the genome they pass on |
|
Behavior generics |
Genetics vs environmental factors for behavior |
|
Heritability |
The extent to which traits can be passed on |
|
History |
Phinneas Gage-brain spike man Broca/wernicke-collected battle reports |
|
Computerized axial tomography (CT/CAT) |
Advanced X-ray tech |
|
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
Captures quick snapshots No radiation Compare shots rinse changes |
|
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
Like a video version of MRI |
|
Electroencephalogram |
Analyze brain waves, esp sleep. Does not show which brain parts are emitting waves |
|
Positron emission tomography (PET) |
Shows brain activity and where blood is flowing. Makes blood slightly radioactive and photographs it. |
|
Norepinephrine |
Excitatory/inhibitory. Learning, memory, wakefulness, eating. |
|
Serotonin |
Back (Definition) Inhibitory/excitatory. Mood, sleep, eating, arousal, maybe pleasure/pain. |
|
Dopamine |
Excitatory. Voluntary movement, emotional arousal, learning, memory, experiencing pleasure/pain |
|
Dopamine |
Excitatory. Voluntary movement, emotional arousal, learning, memory, experiencing pleasure or pain. |
|
Norepinephrine |
Excitatory/inhibitory. Learning, memory, wakefulness, eating. |
|
Serotonin |
Back (Definition) Inhibitory/excitatory. Mood, sleep, eating, arousal, maybe pleasure/pain. |
|
Dopamine |
Excitatory. Voluntary movement, emotional arousal, learning, memory, experiencing pleasure/pain |
|
Dopamine |
Excitatory. Voluntary movement, emotional arousal, learning, memory, experiencing pleasure or pain. |
|
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) |
Inhibitory. In motor system. |
|
Norepinephrine |
Excitatory/inhibitory. Learning, memory, wakefulness, eating. |
|
Serotonin |
Back (Definition) Inhibitory/excitatory. Mood, sleep, eating, arousal, maybe pleasure/pain. |
|
Dopamine |
Excitatory. Voluntary movement, emotional arousal, learning, memory, experiencing pleasure/pain |
|
Dopamine |
Excitatory. Voluntary movement, emotional arousal, learning, memory, experiencing pleasure or pain. |
|
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) |
Inhibitory. In motor system. |
|
Endorphine |
Inhibits pain. |