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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Psychology
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the scientific discipline devoted to the study of mental processes and behavior
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Behavior
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any action or reaction of a living organism which can be observed
Movement, Activity, Action |
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What are the four fundamental factors that influence behavior?
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1 Organism
2 Motivation 3 Cognition (knowledge) 4 Competence |
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Organism
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the biological characteristics of a living biological entity
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Motivation
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what drives the behavior; may include the goal of a behavior;
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Cognition
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what and how the organism thinks, knows, and remembers
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Competence
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the skills and abilities of an organism
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psyche
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soul, form, function, or mind
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Rene Descartes
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(1596-1650); believed in Dualism
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Dualism
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belief that humans have a dual nature; one part mental and one part physical
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Monism
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belief that only one type of nature exists in humans (mix of physical and mental)
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18th Century Belief
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all mental activities were the work of a particular area of the mind
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Phrenology
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the study of analyzing the mind by examining the shape of the skull
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Gustav Fechner
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(1801-1887); wrote Elements of Psychophysics
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Wilhelm Wundt
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(1832-1920); first laboratory devoted to psychology in Leipzig, Germany
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Ten Major Approaches
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1 stuchturalism
2 functionalism 3 behaviorism 4 gestalt 5 biological 6 cognitive 7 humanistic 8 psychodynamic 9 evolutionary 10 socio-cultural |
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Structuralism
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the theory that the mind could be divided into mental elements; concerned with what the mind is
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Wilhelm Wundt
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derived the Structuralism theory; studied mainly the concious mind; first laboratory devoted to psychology in Leipzig, Germany;
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introspection
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an experimental method where subjects reported the content of their own mind; drawback is that the data can be manipulated by the subjet and the experimenter
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Functionalists
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concerned with what the mind does and why; inspired by Darwin's theory of evolution; behavior and mental processes help organisms to adapt to a changing environment
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Functionalists expanded their studies beyond perception to?
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Learning, Motivation, and Problem Solving,
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William James
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(1842-1910); functionalist; coined the phrase "stream of conciousness" to describe the way the mind experiences perception and thouht as a constant flow of sensation;
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John Dewey
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(1859-1952); a functionalist that introduced the concept of learning and thus adaptation to the evironment;
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Behaviorism
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developed by John B. Watson; believed that the mind was a black box; useful in treating menatally retarded patients;
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John B. Watson
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(1878-1958); Behaviorist; stated that mind didn't even exist; stated that behavior was produced through stimuli(events in one's environment)
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"black box"
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a description of the mind; processed information about the stimuli and then mechanically generated the behavior
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Behaviorists believed
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that all behavior could be broken down into a collection of conditioned reponses(CRs). all behavior was supposed to be the result of learning
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Leaders in the study of animal behavior were
(it was said that humans and animal behavior weren't different) |
Edward C. Tolman (1886-1959); Clark L. Hull (1884-1952); Edwin R. Guthrie (1886-1949)
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Gestalt Psychology
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founded by Max Wetheimer; emphasizes on the organizational processes in behavior, rather then the content of behavior; focuses on problems of perception;
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Gestaltists believe that
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behavior and experiences consisted of patterns and organized sets; "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts";
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Phenomenology
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the study of natural, unanalyzed perception; studied learning, thought, and problem solving; Gestalt's used introspect without the structuralist elaboration;
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W. Kohler
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(1887-1967); argued that learning and problem solving were organizational processes like perception; "moment of insight"
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"Moment of Insight"
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when the solution to a problem suddenly crystallizes as a whole gestalt our of reasoning and intuition;
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Biological psychologists
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study the effect that changes in an organism's physical body or environment have on behavior;
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Biological psychology
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covers genetics, the nervous system, and endocrine system; study the effects of biological factors on eating, drinking, aggression, speech disorders, dyslexia, and learning;
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Ivan Pavlov
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main contributer to biological psychology; got dogs to salivate when a bell rings;
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Cognitive psychology
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concerned with the processes of thinking and memory, as well as attention, imagery, creativity, problem solving, and language use;
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Noam Chomsky
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published his theories generated by rules on language as a system with infinate, nonlearned possibilities;
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Humanistic psychology
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sought to begin a psychology of mental health by studying creative people;
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Carl Rogers
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a humanistic who believed that people are constantly striving to develop their potential;
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self-actualization
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a process of constantly striving to develop your potential; part of humanistic psychology;
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Humanistic psychology grew out of?
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phenomenology and existentialism
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Phenomenology
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the idea that behavior is based on subjective perception; stressed by Gestalts;
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existentialism
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humans' basic existential anxiety is fear of death;
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Psychodynamic approach
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developed by Sigmund Freud; used the process of psychoanalysis;
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Sigmund Freud
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(1856-1939); most famous psychologist who developed psychoanalysis;
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psychoanalysis
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patients work with a therapist to explore their past to discover the sources of their illness by stressing early experience andunconscious "repressed" memories;
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Neo-Freudians
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futher developed his theories to cover women's development, learning throughout life, interpersonal influences on personality, and social interation;
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Neo-Freudians include
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Eric Erikson, Karen Horney, C.G. Jung and Alfred Adler;
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evolutionary psychologists
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explore ways in which some behaviors might be the product of humans' adaption to their environment during the course of evolution;
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socio-cultural approach
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explaining behavior in terms of the ways in which others influence us;
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individualist cultures
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U.S. and Western Europe; encourage people to pursue personal goals rather than group goals;
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collectivist cultures
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Japan and Korea; encourage people to pursue group goals over personal goals;
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subject
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the humans or animals who are observed;
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naturalistic observation
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the systematic observation of an event or phenomenon in the environment as it occurs naturally;
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experimental group
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those exposed to the cause of a certain kind of behavior;
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control group
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those not exposed to the cause of a certain kind of behavior;
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random assignment
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randomly assigining people to the experimental and control groups;
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placeo effect
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behavior being different because the subjects known that they are exposed to a special treatment;
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naturalistic observation
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the systematic observation of an event or phenomenon in the environment as it occurs naturally;
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experimental group
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those exposed to the cause of a certain kind of behavior;
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control group
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those not exposed to the cause of a certain kind of behavior;
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random assignment
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randomly assigining people to the experimental and control groups;
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placeo effect
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behavior being different because the subjects known that they are exposed to a special treatment;
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placebo
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a fake pill so that the control group experiences the placebo effect as well;
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blind study
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a study where the subjects don't know whether they are taking the placebo or the real stuff
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double-blind study
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a study where the subject and the eexperimenters don't know whether they are giving/recieving the placebo or the real stuff;
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Correlational studies
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allow reasearchers to determine whether a relationship exists between two variables;
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positive realtionship
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high scores on one variable tend to be paired with high scores on the second variable;
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negative relationship
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high scores on one variable tend to be paired with low scores on another variable
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correlation coefficient
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describes the strength of the relationship between two variables;
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cross-sectional studies
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people of different ages are assessed at a single point in time;
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cohort
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a group of people born during a particular period of time;
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longitudinal studes
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following a group of people over time;
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cross-sequential studes
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following people of different ages over time; combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal studiesd;
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surveys
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used to discover beliefs, opinions, and attitudes; used to find a corrilation based upon age, gender, social class, and so on;
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case studies
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where a single individual is studied intensely to examine a problem or issue relevant to that person; used a lot by Freud;
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reliablity
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refers to the consistency of individuals' performances on a test;
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test-retest reliability
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refers to the extent that overall scores on a psychological test are consistent from one test to the next;
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internal-consistency reliability
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refers to the consistency of scores across items within a test;
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validity
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whether a test measures what the examiner wants it to measure;
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construct validity
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the extent to which scores on a test are related to scores on other similiar tests;
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criterion-related validity
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how effective a test is in predicting an individual's behavior in specified situations;
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IRB
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Institutional Review Boards; review boards to determine the ethical implications of all research;
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informed consent
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telling subjects all features of the experiment prior to the study;
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descriptive statistics
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used to describe the data that you collect
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central tendency
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the values around which people's scores on some measure tend to "clump"
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mean, median, mode, range
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average, middle, most frequent, distance between highest and lowest
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variability
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how spread out the scores are from the average;
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standard deviation
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how far scores tend to fall from the mean;
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normal distribution curve
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one standard deviation, 68%; two standard deviations, 95%
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inferential statistics
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allow you to make inferences about popultions based upon the characteristics of your sample;
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sample, population
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a representative subset; the larger group, such as all Americans;
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significance level
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the level at which your results become significant instead of by chance; psychologists generally used 5% or .05
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