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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Empiricism
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The view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment
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Structuralism
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An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
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Functionalism
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A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
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Psychology
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The science of behavior and mental processes
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Nature-nurture
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The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
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Natural selection
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The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to generations
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Basic research
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Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
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Applied research
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Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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Clinical psychology
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A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
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Psychiatry
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A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drugs) treatments as well as psychological therapy
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Hindsight bias
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The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)
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Critical thinking
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Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
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Theory
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An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
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Hypothesis
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A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
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Operational definition
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A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures
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Replication
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Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
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Case study
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An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
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Survey
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A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them
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Falsr consensus effect
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The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
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Population
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All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study. (note: except for national studies, this does not refer to a country's whole population)
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Random sample
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A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
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Naturalistic observation
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Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
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Correlation coefficient
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A statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
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Scatterplot
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A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation.) (Also called a Scattergram or scatter diagram)
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Illusory correlation
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The perception of a relationship where none exists
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Experiment
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A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experiment controls other relevant factors
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Double-blind procedure
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An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies
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Placebo effect
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Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent
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Experimental condition
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The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
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Control condition
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The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
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Random assignment
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Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing purée siting differences between those assigned to the different groups
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Independent variable
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The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
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Dependent variable
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The experimental factor-in psychology, the behavior or mental process-that is being measured; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
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Mode
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The most frequently occurring score in a distribution
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Mean
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The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
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Median
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The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it
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Range
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The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
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Standard deviation
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A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
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Statistical significance
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A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
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Culture
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The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
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Psychoanalytic approach
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The unconscious, sex, aggression, conflicts, early childhood trauma, repression
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Behavioral approach
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The study of observable behavior
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Biological approach
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Physical bases of human and animal behavior
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Cognitive approach
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How mental processes work
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Cross-cultural approach
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How cultural factors influence behavior
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Humanistic approach
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Human potential, self-actualization, and free will
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Evolutionary approach
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Darwin's theory of natural selection
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Clinical field
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Works with diagnosis and treatment of disorders. Ex: treats an individual who is depressed
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Community field
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Develops and presents programs to help maintain mental health. Ex: presents a program at the local hospital for expectant parents
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Counseling field
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Works with people who exhibit trouble copying with everyday problems. Ex: counsels a couple considering divorce
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Developmental field
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Studies the maturation process. Ex: studies the emotional changes that occur as a child matures
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Experimental field
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Studies any mental psychological issue. Ex: studies the effect of light and dark environments on the visual abilities of kittens
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Industrial/organizational field
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Works with psychological issues that are related to business. Ex: designs a more efficient workspace for a small company
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Educational field
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Studies issues related to how people learn. Ex: conducts research on when a child can most effectively learn a second language
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School field
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Works to overcome educational difficulties. Ex: tests children for learning disabilities
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Social field
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Studies how society influences the individual. Ex: conducts research on the effect of prejudice on newly-arrived immigrants
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Aristotle
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First to write about sleep, memory, the senses, dreams, and learning
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Calkins
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First female president of the APA, and wrote Introduction to Psychology textbook. Ph.D at Harvard, never received it
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Descartes
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Early French philosopher who promoted a be,if that the mind and body are two separate entities-interactive dualism
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Freud
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Controversial for writing about unconscious conflicts, sex,and importance of early childhood experiences
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Hall
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Received first ph.d in psychology and started professional organization and journal active today
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James
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Principles of Psychology and established functionalism, first school of psychology
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Maslow
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One of the founders of the third force in psychology. Theory of motivation
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Pavlov
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Studied psychology and discovered basic learning process in Russia
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Rogers
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One of the founders of humanistic Movement, placed value on persons personal growth, free will, self-determination
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Skinner
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All we have to do to explain voluntary behavior is to study the relationship between organisms behavior and environment
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Titchener
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Established structuralism, first formal school of psychology
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Washburn
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First American woman to earn ph.d in psychology
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Watson
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If you study behavior, hav ego observe it and measure it. Can't observe a thought
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Wundt
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Father of scientific psychology, established first psychology research laboratory in germany
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