Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Neurobiological Model: Focus of Study
|
Behavior viewed as products of brain and nervous system processes
|
|
Neurobiological Model: Predominant Research Approach
|
Study relationships between biological and psychological processes
|
|
Neurobiological Model: View of Human Nature
|
Passive and mechanical
|
|
Neurobiological Model: Predominant Determinants of Behavior
|
Heriditary and Biochemical processes
|
|
Neurobiological Model: Popular Theorists
|
Roger Sperry
|
|
Psychoanalytical Model: Focus of Study
|
Behavior viewed as a result of unconsious drives, conflicts
|
|
Psychoanalytical Model: Predominant Research Approach
|
Study behavior as the expression of hidden motives
|
|
Psychoanalytical Model: View of Human Nature
|
Driven by inborn instincts
|
|
Psychoanalytical Model: Predominant Determinants of Behavior
|
Heredity and early life experiences
|
|
Psychoanalytical Model: Popular Theorists
|
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung |
|
Behavioral Model: Focus of Study
|
Behavior viewed as a reflection of learned response-specific, observable behaviors
|
|
Behavioral Model: Predominant Research Approach
|
Study behavior as it relates to stimulus and conditions
|
|
Behavioral Model: View of Human Nature
|
Reactive and easily modified
|
|
Behavioral Model: Predominant Determinants of Behavior
|
Environment and stimulus conditions
|
|
Behavioral Model: Popular Theorists
|
John B. Watson
B.F. Skinner |
|
Cognitive Model: Focus of Study
|
Behavior viewed as a product of various internal sentences or thoughts
|
|
Cognitive Model: Predominant Research Approach
|
Study mental process through the application of learned skills
|
|
Cognitive Model: View of Human Nature
|
Active and Reactive
|
|
Cognitive Model: Predominant Determinants of Behavior
|
Stimulus conditions and mental processes
|
|
Cognitive Model: Popular Theorists
|
Herbert Simon
Albert Bandura |
|
Humanist Model: Focus of Study
|
Behavior viewed as a reflection of a drive for internal growth
|
|
Humanist Model: Predominant Research Approach
|
Study life patterns, values and goals
|
|
Humanist Model: View of Human Nature
|
Active and unlimited in potential
|
|
Humanist Model: Predominant Determinants of Behavior
|
Self directed
|
|
Humanist Model: Popular Theorists
|
Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow |
|
Wilhelm Wundt
|
One of the first advocates of psychology as an independent field to be studied in a scientific manner. He believed in structuralism, by breaking conscious thought down into its most basic elements and used the method of introspection.
|
|
Eclectic Model
|
Psychologists who use techniques from various models in order to treat patients
|
|
Gestalt Model
|
The whole of human behavior is greater than the sum of its individual parts
|
|
Experimental Method
|
Goal is to test hypothesis through trial
Requires variable conditions that the researcher controls ADVANTAGE: Objectivity DISADVANTAGE: Need subjects, potential biases |
|
Naturalistic Observation
|
Subjects are studied by researchers without their knowledge
ADVANTAGE: Behavior is natural DISADVANTAGE: Behvaior can be cchanged because of observation |
|
Clinical Method (Case Study)
|
Based on observations and treatment of actual patients
ADVANTAGE: Knowledge of patient and history leads to thorough understanding of situation DISADVANTAGE: Individual differences |
|
Survey Method
|
Asking questions to gauge feelings, opinions, or behavior patterns.
ADVANTAGE: Can gather information on intangibles (ex. feelings, thoughts, etc) DISADVANTAGE: Subjective |
|
Longitudinal Study
|
Studies the same group of people over time
ADVANTAGE: Necessary for certain areas (ex. development) DISADVANTAGE: Costly, long |
|
Correlational Method
|
Attempting to discover to what extent different variables are related
ADVANTAGE: Allows for prediction (ex. smoking -> cancer) DISADVANTAGE: cause-and-effect relationships can NOT be determined |
|
Hypothesis
|
Statement of the restults the experimenter expects
|
|
Variables
|
Conditions that can change in an experiment
|
|
Independent variable
|
The condition that is systematically changed
|
|
Placebo
|
Control group
Non-treatment disgusised as treatment to prevent false positives |
|
Dependent Variable
|
The condition that is being measured. Must be clearly defined and measurable (Operationalized)
|
|
Confounding Variables
|
Differences between control and experimental conditions, as from independent variables, that might affect the dependent variable (need to be avoided)
|
|
Subjects
|
People (or animals) on whom experiment is conducted
|
|
Sampling
|
How you select your subjects
-Random selection from population -Random assignment to conditions -Large population size -Representative of larger population -Double blind technique |
|
Double Blind Technique
|
Neither the subject nor the experimenter knows the condition of the subject (prevents bias)
|
|
Validity
|
Experiment measures what it set out to measure & is accurate
|
|
Reliability
|
Experiment can be replicated with consistent results
|
|
Descriptive Statistics/ Central Tendency
|
Mean
Median Mode Outliers |
|
Outliers
|
A small number of unusual results that throw off curve
|
|
Normal Distribution
|
Mean is in the center and curve is bell shaped
|
|
Positivley Skewed Distribution
|
Mean is closer to the y-axis
|
|
Negativley Skewed Distribution
|
Mean is further from the y-axis
|
|
Descriptive statistics
|
Measures of Variability
Attempt to depict the diversity of the scores Range Standard Deviation |
|
Standard Deviation
|
The average distance of any score in the distribution from the mean
|
|
Z-Scores
|
Measured in standard devation
+1 Z score = 1 Standard deviation greater than the mean |
|
Graphic Correlation
|
Scatter plot graph
Positive correlation (+1 has perfect correlation) Negative correlation (-1 has perfect correlation) |
|
Inferrential Satistics
|
Results must be able to be generalized to larger population
Significant results |
|
John Watson
|
An advocate of behaviorism, or the belief that the only way to truly study psychology is to observe behaviors. Internal thoughts can't be used because they are impossible to measure scientifically.
|
|
Sociocultural Model
|
The study of psychology based on the impact of social and cultural factors on behavior
|
|
Ethical Guidelines: Animal Research
|
-Research must have a clear scientific purpose.
-Animals must be cared for and housed in a humane way. -Animals must be acquired legally. -Experiments must be designed to employ the least amount of suffering possible. |
|
Ethical Guidelines: Human Research
|
-Informed Consent:If subjects must be deceived it must not be so extreme as to ivnalidate the informed consent.
-Coercion: Participation must be voluntary -Anonymity/Confidentiality: Particpants' privacy must be protected -Risk: Participants can't be placed at any significant mental or physical risk. -Debriefing Procedures: Particiapnts must be told the purpose of the study, and have the right to view results when study is completed. |