Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
|
cognition
|
these kind of psychologists study metal activities, including the logical and sometimes illogical ways in which we create concepts, solve problems, make decisions, and form judgments.
|
|
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
|
concept
|
the word chair sums up a variety of items - a baby's high chair, a reclining chair, the chairs around the dinning room table, a dentist's chair, etc.
|
|
a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to this provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category
|
prototype
|
If asked to imagine a bird, most people quickly come up with a mental picture that is something like this American robin. It takes them a bit longer to conceptualize a penguin as a bird because it does not match the best example of a small, feathered, flying creature.
|
|
a methodical, logical rule of procedure that guarantees soling a particular problem.
|
alorithm
|
to search for chutney you could search every supermarket aisle.
|
|
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone.
|
heuristic
|
to search for chutney you could check the mustard, spice, and gourmet sections of the supermarket.
|
|
a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
|
insight
|
a 10 year old displayed this in solving the problem of how to rescue a young robin that had fallen into a narrow 30" deep hole.
|
|
a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
|
confirmation bias
|
Peter Wason's three-number sequence experiment (2-4-6)
|
|
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.
|
fixation
|
How would you arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles? If your attempts to solve this problem are all in 2D, this inability has happened to you.
|
|
a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem.
|
mental set
|
given the sequence O-T-T-F-?-?-?, what are the final three letters? Most have difficulty recognizing that they are F(ive), S(ix), & S(even) Know knowing that, could you do this one: J-F-M-A-?-?-? (think months)
|
|
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
|
functional fixedness
|
A person may ransack the house for a screwdriver when a dime would have turned the screw.
|
|
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
|
representativeness heuristic
|
This person is short, slim, and likes to read poetry. Is this person a professor or a truck driver? Before you make your answer, consider how many more truck drivers there are from professors.
|
|
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common.
|
availability heuristic
|
The faster people can remember an instance of some event, such as a broken promise, the more they expect it to recur.
|
|
the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments.
|
overconfidence
|
"I feel 98% certain that the population of New Zealand is more than __ but less than __."
|
|
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
|
framing
|
consumers respond more positively to ground beef described as 75% lean rather than 25% fat.
|
|
the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.
|
belief bias
|
1) some communists are golfers
2) all golfers are Marxists 3) some communists are Marxists 1) some communists are golfers 2) all golfers are capitalists 3) some communists are capitalists |
|
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed have been discredited.
|
belief perseverance
|
do risk takers or cautious people make better fire fighters? once we've formed opinions on a question like this and developed reasons for our views, we tend to cling to our beliefs- even if the basis for our opinion is undermined.
|
|
the science of designing and programing computer systems to do intelligent things and to simulate human thought processes, such as intuitive reasoning, learning, and understanding language.
|
artificial intelligence (AI)
|
Futuristic visions of artificial intelligence, as represented by Data in Star Treck, are far from reality. But things like house-vacuuming robots are in our near future.
|
|
computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells.
|
computer neural networks
|
A $1000 personal computer will match the computing speed and capacity of the human brain by around the year 2020.
|