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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Context
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Who, What, When, Where, Why, How the data were collected.
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Data
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Systematically recorded information, whether numbers or labels, together with its context.
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Categorical variable
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A variable that names categories.
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Quantitative variable
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A variable (with units) in which the numbers act as numerical values.
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Frequency table
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Table that lists the categories in a categorical variable and gives count or percentage of observations.
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Area principle
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In a statistical display, each data value should be represented by the same amount of area.
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Bar chart
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Bars with areas representing counts or percentages.
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Pie chart
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A "whole" divided into categories.
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Contingency table
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Table displaying counts and sometimes percentages of individuals falling into named categories on two or more variables. The table categorizes the individuals on all variables at once to reveal patterns.
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Marginal distribution
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Distribution of either variable alone, in last column or row.
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Conditional distribution
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Distribution of a variable restricting the Who to consider only a smaller group of individuals.
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Independence
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When the conditional distribution of one variable is the same for each category of the other.
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Simpson's paradox
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When averages are take across different groups, they can appear to contradict the overall averages.
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Histogram
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Adjacent bars to show the distribution of a quantitative variable.
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Shape
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Single vs. multiple modes
Symmetry vs. skewness Outliers and gaps |
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Center
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The place in the distribution of a variable that you'd point to if you wanted to attempt to summarize the entire distribution with a single number.
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Measures of center
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Mean and median
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Spread
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Numerical summary of how tightly the values are clustered around the circle.
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Measures of spread
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IQR and standard deviation
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Mode
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High point in the shape of the distribution of a variable.
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Unimodal
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Having one mode. Used to describe the shape of a distribution.
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Bimodal
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Having two modes.
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Multimodal
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Having more than two modes.
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Uniform
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Distribution that's roughly flat.
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Symmetric
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Two halves on either side of the center look approximately like the mirror images of each other.
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Median
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Middle value
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Range
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Difference between lowest and highest values in a data set.
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Interquartile range (IQR)
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The difference between the first and third quartiles.
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5-number summary
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Summary reporting minimum value, Q1, the median, Q3, and maximum value.
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Variance
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Sum of squared deviations from the mean, divided by the count minus 1.
s² = √ E(y-Y)² / n-1 |
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Standard deviation
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Square root of the variance
s = √ E(y-Y)² / n-1 |
