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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Benin |
- tight trade relationship - saw Portuguese as a lucrative opportunity - West African kingdom, went into interior to find slaves to sell to the Portuguese |
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Kongo |
- Adopts Christianity - King Nzinga Mzemba changes name to Alfonso |
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Luanda |
- begins as a factory, grows into Angola |
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Expansion of the Slave Trade |
- resurges when Old World meets New - 80-90% slaves 1st make a stop in the Caribbean - focus on adult male labor pool - 50% reduced population in Africa from 1450-1850 - helped to recover by maize, manioc, and sweet potato |
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Economics of the Slave Trade |
- Under Spanish/Portuguese heavily gvnt monitored - Under English/Dutch, through merchant class - investors pool money to form joint-stock companies --> lucrative so gvnt interfered - Royal African Company: largely merchant capitalists w/ gvnt oversight - huge profits, huge risk (9/10 died of malaria) - Indies Piece: 1 healthy adult male = slaves as currency - Collaboration b/w N African Tribes and Europeans = KEY for success - leads to Triangular Trade Route - Chattel Slavery: treating ppl as property |
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Asante/Ashante Kingdom |
- rise b/c of slave trade w/ Europeans - located on the "Gold Coast" of W Africa - Osei Tutu: 1717, united all Asante clans into 1 kingdom - named Asantehene (like pharaoh) - seat of pwr = literal "Golden Stool" -inhabits soul of Asante Kingdom --> living, dead, and yet to come - neighbors (Benin) also profit monetarily - warrior culture built on weapons - lots of gold |
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Dahomey Kingdom |
- Satellite of Asante
- 1.8 million slaves exported - wanted Western weaponry (guns) to best other groups --> get more slaves - creates vicious cycle |
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East Africa in the European Slave Trade |
- less contact w/ Europeans b/c already tied to Arabic world - remained Swahili speaking Islamic ppl - Violent Anti-European mvmt in leaders b/c saw Europeans as economic threat - Fulani Tribe: pastoral society (now Sudan) - radical violent Anti-Europe sentiment - spread in from coast, becomes part of culture - Sokoto State: name of actual kingdom |
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Boers/Africaaners |
- Dutch descendants - farmers, involved in plantation ag. - go on "Great Trek" inward to run from British - Find Zulus - Late 1700s, early 1800s |
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Zulu |
- Consolidate and take control of other groups in 1800s - Shaka Zulu: subdued local enemies w/ superior weapons/military tactics - Emperor - Left no man alive, brutal - Created many internal enemies - Mfecane: wars of crushing and wandering - take control of others, build Zulu pwr - Battle Boers and British - outgunned & eventually subdued |
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Social Hierarchy among Slaves |
1) saltwater slaves - born in Africa. Discriminated against 2) Creole slaves - American born. Know more of lang, accustomed to culture of slavery. - sold for higher prices 3) Mulatto - mix of African and European descent - more in Brazil b/c of miscegenation |
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Manumission |
Slave owner frees slaves --> higher rates in Brazil - contribute to Brazil being the last to abolish slavery in 1888 |
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New Social Traditions b/c of Slavery |
- old traditions = outlawed - ie. marriage rituals = illegal - "Jumping the Broom" in US came to symbolize marriage - attempts to maintain lang/culture of Africa difficult b/c large variety of people - difficult to maintain the family unit - socially destructive - new African culture emerges --> blend of Africa, European, and Native American |
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Resistance and Rebellion vs Slavery |
- Suriname: former Dutch plantation colony - stage war, kick Dutch out - Descendants of former slaves = Maroons - Haitian Revolts |
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Abolition in 1450s-1850s |
- William Wilberforce: - White abolitionist --> greater influence - wrote letters petitioning Parliament to change slavery policy - Britain abolished slavery --> Chain reaction among other nations and colonies - Women heavily involved in Abolitionist mvmt |
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Foundation of the Ottoman Empire |
- 1300s = nomadic - 1500s = empire - Turkish speaking, Turkish ethnicity - lots of cultural variety - Homeland = Anatolia - good resources, took over from weak Byzantines - Descendants of Seljuk Turks - Osman: founder, warlord who started to consolidate power (1300) - Mehmed II "The Conquerer" - defeated Constantinople --> Byzantine - wanted to preserve Architecture - made Hagia Sophia into a mosque |
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Ottoman Military Power |
- needed strong army and navy - invested in both - gained access and dominance of Mediterranean until 1500s Battle of Lepanto - Janissaries: conscripted soldiers for life - given elite edu and option of gvnt position - eventually too big/pwrful --> gave gvnt trouble - controlled artillery/firearms |
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Pwr of Sultan |
- Sultan: absolute monarch - had to worry about other factions trying to control them - Viziers: royal advisers and Janissaries compete for influence - plagued by succession disputes --> family members kill each other to be heir |
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Flowering of Culture in Ottoman Empire |
- Constantinople --> Istanbul - Installed aqueducts! - Bazaars: Arab specialty, giant open market places --> trade of food & culture - Guilds flourish - Coffee Houses: social discussion - Byzantine Architecture maintained - Suleyman the Magnificent: -- took Istanbul to its height -- major patrol of arts (like Francis/ Eliza I) |
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Problems with the Ottoman Empire |
- too large --> Sultans gave regional autonomy - Officials = corrupt - future leaders not groomed --> no experience - leaders = pampered, not military leaders - Military power becomes a burden -- Janissaries blocked progress/change -- too many, expensive |
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Origin of Safavid Empire |
- Sail al-Din: Sufi militant mystic - wanted to purify/reform Islam - Followers = Red heads (turbans)\ - Ismail I: took Tabriz. Became Shah - Battle of Chaldiran: battle for control of W Persia between Safavids and Ottomans -- Safavid Calvary defeated by Ottoman gunpowder --> set borders - After loss, Ismail withdrew from society - Turmoil until Tahmasp I restored order |
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State and Religion of the Safavid Empire |
Relation to Persia - Persia replaces Turkish as spoken lang - opulent palaces - padishah: king of king - claimed descent from Shi'a imams (successors of Ali) Full Theocracy: - Shi'a became dominant sect - Mullahs - mosque officials and prayer leaders supervised/paid by gvnt - Curse first 3 caliphs - teaching in mosques regulated by gvnt Forced Conversions to Shi'a - not tolerant of other sects - forced other religions to convert - Shi'a religious festivals --> public flagellation - Pilgrimage to shrine at Karbala |
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Abbas I |
- restored mosques, improved infrastructure in 1600s - built roads with rest stops --> help trade --> like Incan Tambos - Isfahan: new capital - beautiful arabesques and calligraphy - Oasis of arches/greenery amid arid land |
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Social and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid |
- led by warrior aristocracy - leaders retreated to palacial estates - encouraged handicrafts/trade -- not so much new tech though - encouraged workshops for paintings, rugs - paid engineers well - women subordinated to men - often secluded/veiled (esp in cities) - some women fought restrictions w/ bright colors and refusing veils - protected inheritance laws --> divorce= ok |
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Foundation of the Mughal Empire |
- Babur: mostly Turkish, related to Mongol Khans and Timur i - lain - lost kingdom in Afghanistan, replaced with Northern India using superior firepower - good history, good art, good landscape - bad administration --> kept Mongol system in place - After death, fight breaks out. - Son Humayan = ousted - lives w/ Safavids, returns, then dies - Akbar: son of Humayan, builds lasting Empire |
