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58 Cards in this Set
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The belief that everything mental, spiritual, or ideal is an outgrowth of physical forces and that truth is found in concrete material existence, not through feelings or intuitions.
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Materialism
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One of the main editors of the first Encyclopedia
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Denis Diderot
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Literally "farewell to meat," this period immediately before Lent each year allowed people to indulge themselves and break normal social rules and taboos.
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Carnival
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The belief in God as the creator of the universe who, after setting it in motion, ceased to have any direct involvement in it.
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Deism
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A man who promoted the separation of powers and the necessity of checks and balances. Wrote a book about his ideas as well.
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Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu
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A style of painting, often associated with Jacques-Louis David, which was meant to be morally uplifting and inspirational; its subjects were often Greek and Roman history and mythology.
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Neoclassical
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John Locke's idea that the human mind is completely empty at birth; that we are NOT born with innate knowledge.
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tabula rasa
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The "founder" of European feminism and author of "Vindication of the Rights of Women," she opposed the subjection of women to men on the grounds that it violated reason and because it was a form of absolutism.
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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His ideas on government included the concept of the "general will;" he also said: "Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains"
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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This revivalist preacher founded the Methodist Church after having success bringing the gospel to "the masses" in huge, open-field meetings.
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John Wesley
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This French phrase is used to describe Adam Smith's "hands off" economic policy, the opposite of mercantilism.
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Laissez-faire
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Enlightenment thinker who said that the human race was capable of eventually achieving perfection through education
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Marquis de Condorcet
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The author of Candide, he was a deist and a staunch supporter of religious toleration, as well as a major spokesman for freedom of thought
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François-Marie Arouet (Voltaire)
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A philosophical position in which people choose to critically examine whether the knowledge and perceptions that they have are actually true, and whether or not one can ever be said to have absolutely true knowledge
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Skepticism
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The intellectuals of the Enlightenment were known by this name; they encouraged reason
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Philosophes
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Organized mistreatment and massacres of Jews
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Pogroms
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A musical child prodigy, this man wrote hundreds of the greatest works of Classical music ever created, although he died penniless at the age of 35
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Mozart
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A man who argued that punishments should only serve as deterrents, and not exercises in brutality; he also opposed the death penalty on the grounds that it was ineffective and set an example of barbarism. He also wrote on a book on this subject.
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Cesare Beccaria
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A group of thinkers who attempted to discover the economic laws that governed human society, they wound up rejecting mercantilism; their most well-known member was Adam Smith
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Physiocrats
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His "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" was (and still is) extremely influential and reflected the secularization of historiography during the Enlightenment
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Edward Gibbon
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A philosopher who believed that "careful examination of the experiences that constituted human life would lead to the knowledge of human nature."
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David Hume
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Places where philosophes gathered and discussed their ideas; they were often hosted by aristocratic women like Marie-Therese de Geoffrin
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Salons
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A new type of school, developed in the 18th century, which provided a broader education, intended to be more practical than a traditional university education
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Realschule
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This style of art and architecture emphasized grace and action, rejected strict geometrical patterns, was extremely ornate, and reflected aristocratic values like pleasure and happiness; representative artists include Watteau and Neumann
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Rococo
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His "Essay Concering Human Understanding" was a key work for empiricists, and advanced the idea of tabula rasa
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John Locke
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Author of "Plurality of Worlds," this man popularized the new scientific conception of the universe, particularly the discoveries of Isaac Newton
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Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle (Fontenelle)
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Author of "The Historical and Critical Dictionary," he applied the techniques of textual criticism to the Christian Bible
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Pierre Bayle
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A movement in the Lutheran Church lasting from the late 17th to the early 18th centuries, it stressed the personal experience of God in one's life; in many ways it is similar to Catholic mysticism
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Pietism
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A philosopher who defined enlightenment as “man’s leaving his self-caused immaturity.” Argued that reason is the means by which the phenomena of experience are translated into understanding, marks the beginning of idealism.
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Immanuel Kant
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Phrase used by intellectuals advocating the application of scientific method to the understanding of all life
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reason
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A book that portrayed King David as a bad person, did other things that attacked traditional religion and its heroes. Regarded as the bible of the 18th century
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Historical and Critical Dictionary by Pierre Bayle
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A book that denied Descartes beliefs and innate ideas, instead, talked about tabula rasa
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Essay Concerning Human Understanding by John Locke
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A book which attempted to put the scientific method on the social and political arena to find out the natural laws governing people. Made separation of powers/checks and balance system.
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The Spirit of the Laws by Montesquieu
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A name given to an event in which a Catholic son of a Protestant family was found dead by suicide. As a result, the father was accused of murdering his son, sentenced to death by torture, executed, and found not guilty after his death.
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the Calas affair
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“An attempt to introduce the experimental method of reasoning into moral subjects.” Used systematized common sense, made a science of man conceivable.
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Treatise on Human Nature
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Founder of the Physiocrats, he was a court physician in France. Him and other physiocrats said they’d find the natural economic laws that govern human society
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Francis Quesnay
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A book which attacked mercantilism, demonstrated labor theory of value, said the state should NOT interfere with economic matters.
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Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith
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The common desire of a society.
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general will
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A book from 1762 that talked about education. It was written in the form of a novel. Said that education should foster not hinder kid’s instincts. Looked for balance between heart and mind, which made him “precursor” of romanticism
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Emile
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A book written by a woman which attempted to grant equality among women.
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Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft
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A Rococo artist who had lyrical views of aristocratic life that were refined, sensual, and civilized, with gentlemen and ladies in elegant dresses. Underneath the happy exterior, there was an element of sadness in the works.
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Antoine Watteau
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A widow who secretly invited the people who were making the Encyclopedia to her house and offered them financial help to finish because the French authorities were suppressed
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Marie-Therese de Geoffrin
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One of the greatest architects of 18th century. Used Baroque-Rococo style of architecture. His two masterpieces are the pilgrimmage church of the Vierzehnheiligen (The Fourteen Saints) in S. Germany and the Bishop’s Palace known as the Residenz.
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Balthasar Neumann
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A painter who introduced neoclassical style in France. Famous for his painting, "Oath of the Horatii."
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Jacques-Louis David
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A German composer who used music as a way to worship God. Wrote in all types of forms except opera. Considered one of the great musical geniuses.
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Johann Sebastian Bach
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A German composer who is considered one of the most important of the baroque period. An example of his work is the "Messiah."
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George Frederick Handel
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Spent most of his adult life as musical director for the wealthy Hungarian princes, the Esterhazy brothers. Composed 104 symphonies, as well as string quartets, concerti, songs, oratorios, and masses. Developed new forms of instrumental music. Was influenced by the musical world of England in which musicians wrote for public concerts rather than princely patrons. Wrote two great oratorios, titled The Creation and The Seasons, both of which were dedicated to the common people.
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Franz Joseph Haydn
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A book about a servant girl resisting seduction attempts by her master, but marries him later on.
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Pamela by Samuel Richardson
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A book written with optimism to the future of European Civilizations and to avoid the fate of the Romans.
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Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon
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A book about the adventures of a “young scoundrel,” and how he survived with his wits.
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History of Tom Jones, A Foundling by Henry Fielding
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A magazine written about philosophy and morality that served to instruct and to entertain.
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Spectator by Addison and Steele
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A book about how punishments should be deterrents, not exercises in brutality. Opposed capital punishment, supported imprisonment.
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On Crimes and Punishments by Cesare Beccaria
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An inexpensive alcohol that was drunk by the poor.
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Gin
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Short brochures sold to the poor that had spiritual and secular material in it. Printed on cheap paper.
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Chapbooks
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A document which recognized the public practice of Catholicism, and granted Lutherans, Calvinists, and the Greek Orthodox to worship privately.
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Joseph II’s Toleration Patent
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The largest population of Jews in Eastern Europe.
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Ashkenazic Jews
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Jews who had been expelled from Spain in the 15th century.
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Sephardic Jews
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A man who spread pietism. His “Moravian Brethen” sect personally experienced God for a true religious experience.
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Count Nikolaus von Zinzendorf
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