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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What two "zones" make up the respiratory system?
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1) respiratory zone
2) conducting zone |
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Describe the respiratory zone.
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It's the site of gas exchange - it's made up of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
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Respiratory pressure is always expressed relative to ____ ____.
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Atmospheric pressure
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Define atmospheric pressure.
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Pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body.
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Negative respiratory pressure is ___ ____ (P atm), positive respiratory is __ ___ (P atm)
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Less than, greater than
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What's intrapulmonary pressure?
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Pressure within alveoli
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What's intrapleural pressure?
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Pressure within pleural cavity
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What's the scientific term for breathing?
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Pulmonary ventilation
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What's pulmonary ventilation?
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Breathing
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Why does air flow into and out of the lungs?
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Differences in pressure
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What's another word for inhalation?
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Inspiration
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What's another word for exhalation?
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Expiration
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____ changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of ____ to ____ ____.
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Volume, gases, equalize pressure
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What does Boyle's Law state?
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Boyle's law indicates that for a fixed amount of gas (fixed number of moles) at a fixed temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional (PV is constant -- P1V1=P2V2)
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As pressure increases, volume _____.
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Decreases
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Which stage of breathing is ACTIVE?
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Inspiration, since it can't occur without muscle contraction
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What are the two types of inspiration?
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Quiet inspiration and forced inspiration
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What muscles contract during quiet inspiration?
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External intercostals and diaphragm
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What muscles contribute to forced inspiration?
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Scalenes, pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, erector spinae
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What are the two types of expiration?
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Quiet expiration, forced expiration
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In a healthy person, quiet expiration depends mostly (if not completely) upon ____ ______.
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Lung elasticity
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Forced expiration depends on what muscles?
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Transversus abdominus and obliques
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How does forced expiration work?
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Muscles depress the ribcage and force abdominal muscles against the diaphragm, thus increasing the intra-abdominal pressure and sending gas out according to the pressure gradient.
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What bronchi resist airflow the most?
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Medium-sized bronchi
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What sort of episode can cause severely constricted or obstructed bronchioles?
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Asthma attack
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What chemical dilates bronchioles?
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Epinephrine, released by the sympathetic nervous system.
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Define surface tension
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The attraction of liquid molecules to one another at a liquid-gas interface
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What's the purpose of the liquid that coats alveoli?
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It's purpose is to keep the alveoli reduced the the smallest possible size.
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What detergent-like complex reduces surface tension and keeps alveoli from collapsing?
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Surfactant
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What's surfactant?
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A detergent-like complex that reduces surface tension at alveoli and keeps them from collapsing.
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What's lung compliance?
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The degree of ease to which lungs can be expanded.
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What term is defined as "the degree of ease to which lungs can be expanded?"
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Lung compliance
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What two factors play into lung compliance?
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1) Distensibility of lung tissue and surrounding thoracic cage
2) Surface tension of alveoli |
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Define Tidal Volume (TV)
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The amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath (approx. 500 mL)
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What is a term used to describe the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath?
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Tidal volume
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What's inspiratory reserve volume (IRV?)
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Amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (2100-3100 mL)
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What term is used to describe the amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume?
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inspiratory reserve volume (2100-3100 mL)
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What's the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
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The amount of air that can be expired from the lungs after a tidal expiration (1000-1200 mL)
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What is a term used to describe the amount of air that can be expired from the lungs after a tidal expiration?
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ERV, or Expiratory Reserve Volume
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What's Residual Volume (RV)?
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It's the amount of air that remains in the lungs after strenuous expiration. (1200 mL or so)
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What term is used to describe the amount of air that remains in lungs after strenuous expiration?
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Residual volume (RV) -- about 1200 mL
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What's inpiratory capacity (IC)?
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Total amount of air that can be inspired (IRV+TV=IC)
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What's functional residual capacity (FRC)?
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The amount of air remaining in lungs after a tidal expiration (RV+ERV)
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What's vital capacity?
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The total amount of exchangeable air (TV+IRV+ERV)
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What's total lung capacity?
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Sum of ALL lung volumes (about 6000 mL in males)
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