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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
meninges
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three specific layers of tissue surround and protect the brain
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dura mater
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The meninges layer right beneath the skull
attached to the periosteum of the skull so that they form one layer |
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dural sinuses
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collect the blood which returns from the brain as well as cerebrospinal fluid
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arachnoid mater
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next layer of meninges below the dura mater
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subdural space
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The space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
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pia mater
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last meningeal layer below the arachnoid mater
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subarachnoid space
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The space in between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater
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meningitis
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This is a potentially life-threatening situation which can be caused by viruses or bacteria. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges.
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median foramen
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allow the CSF to leave the ventricles and enter the subarachnoid space.
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arachnoid granulations
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which dump the CSF into a dural sinus
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Damage to the dural sinuses can cause bleeding into the subdural space. This is called a “subdural hematoma.” What effect would this condition have on the brain?
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This would lead to pressure on the brain. If the dural sinuses fill up, the pressure will push on the brain, which can lead to unconsciousness
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When someone fractures a skull, the meninges can be torn. This can cause CSF to leak out of the nose or the ear. This situation is dangerous not only because it indicates severe damage to the head, but also because it increases the risk of meningitis. Why would leakage of CSF out of the body increase the risk of meningitis?
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If CSF is getting out, that means bacteria and other pathogens can get in. Since meningitis is caused by bacteria and viruses, this increases the risk of meningitis.
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lumbar enlargement
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a region of increased diameter where the nerves of the lower limbs enter and exit the spinal cord
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conus medullaris
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Just below the lumbar enlargement, the spinal cord tapers to a conelike structure
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cauda equina
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conus medullaris and the many nerves that attach to it because together, they look like a horse's tail.
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dorsal column
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column on the back side of the spinal cord
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lateral column
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is on the side of the spinal cord
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ventral column
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is on the belly side of the spinal cord
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fasciculi
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columns are further divided called nerve tracts
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dorsal horn
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Axons from the sensory neurons synapse with association neurons
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ventral horn
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The cell bodies of the motor neurons
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lateral horns
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cell bodies of the autonomic neurons
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dorsal roots
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On each side of the spinal cord
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dorsal roots
function |
The dorsal root enters the spinal cord at the posterior horn, and it carries afferent signals from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord. Each dorsal root also contains a ganglion, which is made up of the cell bodies of afferent neurons.
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ventral roots
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The ventral root leaves the spinal cord at the ventral horn, and it carries efferent action potentials from the spinal cord to the effectors
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dorsal root ganglia
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are where these cell bodies are gathered
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epidural anesthetic
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anesthetic is injected into epidural space, and it deactivates the spinal nerves so that the afferent pain signals do not reach your brain.
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epidural space
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between the vertebral column and the dura mater.
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Where are the cell bodies of the neurons which make up the ventral root?
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the cell bodies are in the spinal cord
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reflex arc
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the neural pathway that mediates a reflex action
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When you touch a hot stove, your hand pulls back quickly as a result of the reflex arc. However, when you touch warm water, you do not pull your hand back quickly. Thus, the reflex arc has a decision-making mechanism that interprets the afferent signals and determines whether or not the reflex should be activated. Which neuron in the reflex arc is responsible for this?
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The association neuron must be responsible for this
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afferent neuron simply sends the signal into the spinal cord
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simply sends the signal into the spinal cord
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efferent neuron
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sends the signal to the muscle
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association neuron
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directs the message
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motor pathway
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descending pathways - motor nerves carry signals from the CNS to the muscles
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sensory pathway
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ascending pathways, because the action potentials begin in the receptors of the PNS and then travel up the spinal cord to the brain.
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upper neurons
location & function |
neurons in the motor cortex
send action potentials down through the midbrain, through the pons, and to the medulla |
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medullary pyramid
location & function |
medulla
approximately 80% of the axons cross over |
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lower motor neuron
location & function |
neuron between the spinal cord and muscles
will carry the signals to the neuromuscular junction of the muscle |
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indirect motor pathways
location & function |
These pathways have more synapses
carry those signals which need a significant amount of regulation. |
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primary neuron
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where action potentials will be produced in a sensory pathway.
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secondary neuron
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neurons between the spinal cord and brain
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