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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Farmers
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(look to Oregon/Willamette Valley and California/Sacramento Valley)
Middle class movement (cost $200-300) "squatters"- settle public land without paying or purchased for a low price. Overland Trails- Oregon, California, Santa Fe, Mormon trails. |
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Wagon Trains
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Start at St. Joseph, Independence, Missouri, Council Bluff Iowa.
Caravans of pioneers support each other Trip lasted 4 months (15 miles/day) |
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Gadsden Purchase (1853)
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Pierce buys Southern sections of New Mexico/Arizona ($10 mill) from Mexico.
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East-West rail lines
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Stimulates the settlement of agricultural development of the midwest. Chicago- hub for grain shipment (replaces New Orleans)
- Indirectly stimulates Industrial development - Stimulates small town growth. |
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San Francisco and Mining
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Becomes a major city- main supply depot for miners. Violence becomes a major activity- vigilante committees formed to keep order.
Later gold and silver discovered in California to specialization. |
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Military Campaign
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General Stephen Kearney takes New Mexico territory and South California.
John C. Fremont- Overthrows Mexican rule in North California- creates bear flag republic in Cali. Taylor- crosses Rio Grande into Mexico- wins at Buena Vista. Gen. Winfield Scott- (14,000 troops) Takes Vera Cruz and Mexico city. |
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Advantages of Railroads
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Swift (40-50 mph) comfortable upholstered seats/couches.
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Wilmot Proviso (1846)
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David Wilmot proposed to forbid slavery in any of the new territories acquired from Mexico (passed House twice- defeated in Senate)
-Acquisition of western lands renewed the sectional debate over slavery. |
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Ostend Manifesto
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1852- Franklin Pierce- elected president- pro southern
Secretly negotiated to buy Cuba from Spain- was leaked to press- outraged antislavery congressman- Pierce forced to drop. |
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William Walker Expedition
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Took over Nicaragua to develop a proslavery empire- it collapsed.
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Alaska
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Purchased from Russia in 1867. Will Seward- Sec. of State ($7 mill) opposed "Seward's icebox"
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Great American Desert
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Area between Mississippi Valley and the Pacific. Coast area passed over- felt it was too dry.
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Mountain Men
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Earliest exploration- James Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, Kit Carison, Jebediah Smith, John Jacob Astor
- Involved in lucrative fur trade - Provided early info on frontier and trails. - "Legends in their own day" amazing exploits |
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Hazards
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Breakdown, lack of water, difficult trails, disease, depression, occasional Indian raids.
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Donner Party
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caught in a blizzard and turned to cannibalism.
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Expanding Economy
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Emergence of the market economy.
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Agricultural Technology
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Farmers shift from self-sufficiency to specialization.
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John Deere
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Steel tipped plow/ Cyrus McCormick reaper- leads to greater agricultural output. Agriculture has a negative impact on environment- farm wastefully, wear out the soil and then move on.
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Industrial Technology
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Elias Howe- invented the sewing machine that took clothing production out of the house and into a factory.
Samuel FB Morse- invented the telegraph- used to make it easier to communicate in business. Business and transportation go hand-in-hand with the growth of railroads. |
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First Big Business
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Railroads are nations first big business- 1840-1860 miles of track went from 3,000 to 30,000
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1845
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Tyler (outgoing President) pushed for annexation again. Congress passes a joint resolutions- Texas is annexed.
Polk is left dealing with Mexico's reaction. |
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Oregon Fever
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5000 settlers travel the Oregon trail
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Immediate causes of the Mexican War (1846-47)
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Polk orders General Zachary Taylor toward the Rio Grande (area claimed by Mexico) Mexican army crosses Rio Grande- kills 11 Americans.
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Belief of Manifest Destiny and Mission
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It was the "divine mission" of the US to expand its borders
To extend its power and civilization across North America. |
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Texas Annexation (1820s)
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Mexican gvt encourages American settlement (land grants)
Stephen Austin leads migration- brings in 300 families 1829- Mexico outlaws slavery and requires immigrants to convert Catholic religion Mexico closed to immigration- ignored by Americans |
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Republic of Texas
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"Lonestar Republic" created 1836
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Houston
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Applies for annexation as a state. Presidents Jackson and Van Buren put off the request- political opposition in the North saw it as an attempt to expand slavery. Threat of war with Mexico. Tyler atempts in 1844, but rejected by the Senate.
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Consequences of War
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- Treaty of Guadlupe Hildago/Mexican Cession 1848
- Wilmot Proviso (1846) |
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Treaty of Guadlupe Hidalgo
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Settles Mexican war-peace treaty. Because of Mexican Cession- Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas. US receives Mexican cession (Cal, Northern Mexican Territory) (Today it's California, Az, NM, Utah, Nevda and Colorado) US pays $15 mill and pays claims to US citizens who had claims against Mexico.
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"54 40 or fight!"
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Line between Oregon territory and Russian Alaska.
No fight- Polk compromises with Britain- divided the Oregon territory at 49th parallel (line established by LA purchase) |
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Texas Annexation (1834) (1836)
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-Santa Anna becomes dictator- enforces laws in Texas
- Sam Houston leads revolt- declares Texas independent - 1836- Santa Anna attacks and defeats the Americans at the Battle of the Alamo (San Antonio) |
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Oregon Boundary Dispute
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Great Britain and the US both claim Oregon Territory
1840s- American farmers and missionaries settle in the Willamette Valley. |
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Railroads provide:
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Democratic promise- one class of travel (Europe was classed)
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Election of 1844
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Whigs- Henry Clay
Democrats- "dark horse" James K. Polk- wins the election Favors Texas annexation Manifest Destiny "54 40 or fight" Campaign slogan. |
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Causes of the Mexican war
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Polk attempts diplomacy with Mexico-sends John Slidell to negotiate
- Offers to buy New Mexico and California from Mexico. Mexico- southern border of Texas is Nueces River. Us- Southern border of Texas is the Rio Grande. |
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Drawbacks of Railroads
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Horse drawn- first locomotives sparks on clothing. Individual railroads used different track gauge scheduling is a problem (no standard time)
Telegraph reduces delays. |
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Mining
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Gold discovered in 1848 in Sierra Nevadas. 1849 "Gold Rush" to Cali- creation of instant mining towns. Rise in population makes slavery an issue in California.
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Texas Annexation (Battle of San Jacinto)
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Houston surprises the Mexicans- Santa Anna is forced to recognize Texas Independence.
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Justification for expansion
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*Acquire new markets in Asia to agricultural surpluses.
- Oregon and California needed for harbors *Preserve an agricultural society - expand the land (industrialism leads to class conflict) *America had the right to westward movement- to displace uncivilized or European people (early republicans) *Economic Opportunity- Response to panic of 1837 - Farmers saw markets for products - Poor saw it as a chance to get ahead |