Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Phonological |
Different patterns in pronunciation, usually focuses on different phonemes |
e.g. Glottal stop |
|
Lexical |
Alternative or additional words within a particular variety |
e.g. "Mardy" as a colloquial term in Leicestershire |
|
Semantics |
Changes in meaning of established words in Standard English |
e.g. The change in the meaning of the word "stoned" |
|
Grammatical |
The use of unusual syntax patterns or rules of grammar that are different to those used in Standard English |
e.g. The use of double negatives |
|
Orthographical |
The spelling of words, only appearing in written texts |
e.g. Text language |
|
Pragmatics |
Reflects social usage and usage |
e.g. Variation in the way politeness, humour and conversation are managed through language |
|
Accent |
The way words and sounds are pronounced, based on location and social class |
e.g. Cockney, RP, West Country, Scouse, Geordie etc. |
|
African American Vernacular English (AAVE) |
Also known as Ebonics - distinct variety of American English used by black communities |
|
|
American English |
Set of English dialects native to the US |
e.g. "Sidewalk" as opposed to "path" etc. |
|
Anti-language |
Language created purely for the purpose of only being understood by a particular sub-group |
e.g. Polari, Leet |
|
Back-slang |
Slang used in which the words are spoken as though spelled backwards |
|
|
British Black English (BBE) |
Also known as Ebonics - a distinct variety of English spoken primarily by the British black community |
|
|
Creole |
Language variety created when one language comes into contact with another that later develops over generations |
|
|
Engrish |
The misuse or 'corruption' of English by native speakers of East Asian languages |
|
|
Ethnicity |
Category of people who identify with each other based on common language, ancestral, social, cultural or national experiences |
e.g. "Water" becomes "wa'er" |
|
Glottal stop |
When a speaker eliminates the pronunciation of the /t/ phoneme in a word |
e.g. "'Ave" as opposed to "have" |
|
H-dropping |
The omission of the /h/ sound from the start of a word |
|
|
Haxor |
A speaker of Leet |
|
|
Hinglish |
A combination of Hindi and English characterised by frequent use of Hindi vocabulary and constructions |
|
|
Hypercorrection |
The over-use of Standard English in conversation to avoid errors, to the point where mistakes are made |
|
|
Jargon |
A type of language not often understood outside of a specific field |
e.g. Paul Kerswill |
|
Koineisation |
The process by which a new variety of language emerges by mixing, levelling and simplifying different dialects |
|
|
Leet Speak (1337) |
Alternative variation of English in which numbers are used in the place of letters |
e.g. "Miwk" as opposed to "milk" |
|
L-vocalisation |
Replacement of the consonant /l/ with a vowel/semi-vowel |
|
|
Meta-analysis |
Research method involving the combination of findings from many different studies in order to identify patterns |
|
|
Pidgin |
Simplified language form created when two languages come into contact, used for trade purposes, or to break language barriers |
e.g. Greetings, small talk, humour |
|
Phatic |
Used to fulfil social purposes |
|
|
Prosodic features |
Features that appear when sounds are put together in connected speech |
|
|
Received Pronunciation (RP) |
The most prestigious English accent, sometimes considered 'the' accent of Standard English |
|
|
Standard English (SE) |
The form of English that's considered the 'national form' |
|
|
Vernacular |
Native accent/dialect of a specific population |
e.g. "Shew" as opposed to "shoe" |
|
Vowel fronting |
Movement of the pronunciation of vowel sounds to the front of the mouth |
e.g. "Juke" as opposed to "duke" |
|
Yod-coalescence |
The replacement of the /d/ phoneme with the /j/ phoneme |
Bernstein |
|
Code Switching |
Speakers are able to switch between language varieties e.g. London Jamaican |
Howard Giles |
|
Accommodation Theory |
Speakers converge to rid social differences, or diverge to create them, all to accommodate to the person they're speaking to - people who have English as a second language usually converge |
Mark Sebba |
|
London Jamaican |
Variety that evolved due to immigrant needs - uses a mixture of features from Caribbean creole forms, Cockney forms and standard RP forms - speakers can code switch to each form easily e.g. /ow/ in how = /oh/, /a/, /ow/ |
|
|
McArthur's Wheel |
Created to show the huge range of Englishes spoken over the world - splits 'World Standard English' into 8 regions, each with a main SE variety, and many non-standard forms |
Sue Fox |
|
MEYD/MLE |
21st century youth dialects that draw features from other languages |
|