Are - Spd

What are the four basic forms of circulation networks?

What is the most dangerous circulation network?

A. Grid

B. Curvilinear

C. Radial

D. Linear

What are the basic classifications of traffic arteries?

Arterial Streets

Collector distributor streets

Local Access Streets

The paved right of way from the high point at the center of the road (the crown) to the curb usually slopes at ____

What size curb/gutter is used on heavy traffic roads?

What are the six most common materials used to pave roads?

How wide are traffic lanes?

How wide are shoulders on a typical two lane highway?

How wide are parallel parking lanes?

What is the min width for a planting strip along a highway if trees are to be planted in that strip? If if is landscaped with groundcover only?

In laying out a road horizontally, two curves in the same direction (broken back curves) should be separated by tangent not less than ______

In laying out a road horizontally, two curves in the opposite direction (reverse curves) should be separated by tangent not less than ______

In laying out a road horizontally, two curves in the same direction with different radii (compound curves) should be separated by tangent not less than ______

In laying out a road horizontally, two simple curves where a circular arc connects tangents at each end, may employ tangents of _____

What types of intersections should be avoided?

What is the min distances that intersections on major arterial roads should be seperated?

What is the min distances that should separate on/off ramps on freeways?

What is the max recommended length of a cul de sac?

WHat is the min recommended turnaround at the end of a cul de sac?

What is the max recommended length of a loop street?

What is the min curb radii at street intersections?

When intersection volume exceeds ____ vehicles per hour, traffic signals are employed.

What is the min width for a typical parking stall?

How long is a parking stall?

What is the min desireable width for a one way circulation aisle in a parking lot?

For a parking spot angled at 30 degrees with one way circulation, what is the projection and bay width?

For a parking spot angled at 45 degrees with one way circulation, what is the projection and bay width?

For a parking spot angled at 90 degrees with two way circulation, what is the bay width?

What is the max % slope of a parking lot?

What parking angle can fit the most cars (assuming the same stall width)?

For parking lot ramps with a slope over 10% what must there be?

What should the slope be in a parking area?

How wide should a sidewalk be?

uniform standards of construction originating in NYC in 1916 to protect thehealth, welfare and safety of people. Regulates the use of land, light, air, and openspace while protecting property values and protecting against nuisances (factories inresidential areas), undesirable businesses (porn shops by schools) and dangers(hazardous chemicals in public areas)

encourages private developers to provide amenities for public use in exchange for opportunity to build larger or taller structures on a site.

building is no longer permitted by the zoning ordinance. Typically allowed to stay unless it’s unsafe.

a building that is permitted in an area that it is not zoned for, to benefit the public (e.g.: an elementary school in a residential neighborhood)

applied for by an owner on a private site to ask to deviate from an ordinance in order to avoid hardship

a change in the zoning ordinance for a particular area

a municipal law

required open space measured between property line and face of building.Used to preserve light, air, and spaciousness

utilized by communities principally to achieve planned street patterns.They help insure that buildings will not be erected in the bed of projected streets or of potential street widening.

legal right of government or another land owner to use one’s property for aspecific purpose

Prevents development that upsets something scenic to the public

valuation of property for the purpose of taxes

used to fund public space improvements (newstreetscapes/graffiti removal) with the intention that it will enhance an area’s appeal. Allbusiness owners in district who would benefit pay increased taxes.

power of the state to take private property without owner’s consent,but with fair market value of the land compensation. Must be used government or publicdevelopment (highways, railroads, civic center), economic development, or to mandatean easement for access (public utilities, right of way).

place limitations on the use of the property, typically by original developers, who determined what land would be used for (live, work, or play) and can’t be changed by future owners

limitations and stipulations used in residential settings. Can be aesthetic (allowable color pallets, vegetation types/pruning, fencing materials) pet control(how many and/or living conditions), or storage related (visibility of parked cars/boats/campers).

commits a buyer to performing duties in the future (e.g. will make payments for common charges in a condo)

If restriction is violated or disregarded, the land will revert back to original owners/heirs

right for people to cross land of another (pathways/cattle drives)

One acre = ___SF

US Survey Divided land that was not already surveyed in 1780s into a square grid system:

- Check=

- Township=

- Section=

- Quarter Section=

the two major streets in a Roman town, perpendicular

What is the % slope of a flat area? (level ground)

What is a moderate % slope? (easy grade)

What is a steep percentage slope?

How do you calculate % slope?

How far from a building's entrance can the handicap parking be?

T/F: Trunk lines for main utilities should NOT be located in the same street

T/F: Wastewater lines should not be centered under the street

What is the % slope of a sewer line?

Name 4 materials used for waste water conduits

What type of circulation system responds most sympathetically to the existing natural environment?

A. Grid

B. Linear

C. Curvilinear

D. Radial

Land use development patterns are most frequently determined by

A. topographic factors

B. climatic factors

C. utility systems

D. street systems

The primary advantage of 60 degree parking is that it

A. saves space

B. is easier to use

C. is safer to use

D. costs less to construct

A neighborhood shopping center is best located at

A. the intersection of an arterial and collector street

B. the intersection of two local streets

C. the foot of an expressway ramp

D. the interchange of an expressway

From among the street design criteria select those that are correct:

I. curb radii should be 12 ft min

II. Compound curves are preferred over simple curves

III. Traffic lanes should be about 12 ft wide

IV. Parking lanes should generally be avoided

V. Intersections should be at right angles whenever possible

Power lines are generally located above, rather than below, ground because they are:

A. easier to repair

B. faster to install

C. less costly

D. less dangerous

From among the following handicapped design criteria, select the INCORRECT statement:

A. Wheelchair paths should not exceed a 1:20 grade

B. Wheelchair ramps should not exceeed a 1:12 grade

C. Wheelchair ramps should not exceed 30 ft in length

D. Wheelchair turning spaces should not be less than 3 ft square

Which of the following should be avoided in the design of a large parking lot?

I. Acute angle parking

II. Ramped exit driveway

III. Dead level paved areas

IV. Dead end aisles

V. Pedestrian circulation

The primary objective of good pedestrian circulation is

A. economy

B. permanence

C. Safety

D. Speed

Local variation in climate caused by topography, structures, exposure, ground cover, elevation, and water bodies

The narrow range of related conditions, such as temperature, humidity, air movement, and air quality, in which a person is comfortable

What is the average person's comfort zone? (temp and humidity)

What is the ideal orientation for a structure n the northern hemisphere?

The measure of heat transfer, the number of BTU/hr that will pass through one sq ft of wall or roof when the differece between inside and outside air temper is 1 degree F with a stead rate of heat flow

The ability of a material to store heat

the process by which precipitation goes through a plant before being evaporated

The process by which water soaks into the ground.

water flow that occurs when soil is infiltrated to full capacity

the passage of moisture into/through a material or construction in the form of water vapor due to a difference in vapor pressure in the two faces

boundary between aerated and water saturated soil that can rise and fall seasonally

a reservoir in which debris and sediment from runoff may settle before itenters the storm drain

the lowest point or lowest inside surface of a drain, sewer, pipe, etc. established due to the dependency of gravity

In one approach to runoff control, water is held on site in these until the rain subsides and the water can be slowly released without causing flooding

the relatively flat land in which a stream flows

zone below vegetation and above ground water table

zone below ground water table

What effect does a high water table have on excavation and basements/foundations? (water table = 6'

An underground permeable material through which water flows

What determines a soil's bearing capacity?

Consists of loose, granular rock particles about 1/4 inch - 3.5 inch in size. It is a coarse grained soil that provides an excellent base for building foundations as well as excellent drainage properties, as it is relatively permeable

Consists of loose, granular rock particles about .002 inch - 1/4 inch in size. It is neither plastic nor cohesive in its pure state. It is a coarse grained soil that provides an excellent base for building foundations as well as excellent drainage properties, as it is relatively permeable

fine grained sedimentay material deposited from running water. It is .002 in or less in particle size. When mixed in the water, it forms a soft, plastic, sticky material known as mud

fine grained, firm cohesive material formed from the decomposition of certain rock. It is plastic when wet and relatively hard when dry. It is relatively impervious, and it may swell when it absorbs water and shrinks when it dries, making it the least stable and predictable soil for the support of buidings

soil, sand or mud deposited by flowing water

soft, dark soil containing decomposed organic matter, poor bearing capacity

rich soil containing equal parts of sand, silt, and clay

A consolidated mixture of gravel, clay, and sand, and it is a good foundation base for buildings

Solid material that forms the crust of the earth. It is generally the strongest support for the foundation of a structure

fine textured rock

Method of testing soil in which simple excavations that permit direct visual inspection of the actual soil conditions. Open pits allow close up examination of the soil layers as well as access to undisturbed samples for further laboratory testing. Excavating to any substantial depth is costly and they are generally dug below the water table.

Method of soil testing where a platform is erected on site and incremental loads are applied; each load increment is maintained until the settlement becomes negligible for a period of several hours. The test continues until the measured settlement becomes regular under subsequent loadings. The test load s usually double the contemplated design load

Soil test that is designed to bring up soil samples by means of an an ordinary 2-2.5 inch auger fastened to a long pipe or rod. The auger usually stops at the first obstruction, which may be rock, hardpan, or the stump of a tree. This method is most effective in sand or clay and for depths not exceeding 50 ft

This method of soil testing used when the soil is too compact for an auger. These borings are made with a 2-4 inch diameter pipe that is driven into the soil and contains a smaller jet pipe through which water is forced. The material washed up is often thoroughly mixed, thus reducing the dependability of the samples. Another problem with this method is that boulders can be mistake for bedrock. The test can be extended over 100 feet deep

This soil test is the most expensive, but also the most reliable. They can penetrate through all materials, to great depths, and bring up complete cores of the material through which they pass. They are made with a diamond drill that is sufficiently hard to cut through rock

This soil test utilizes a drive pipe with a special split sampling pipe at the tip instead of a drill. The sampling pipe is driven down approximately five inches, then lifted out, and the contents removed and stored. Soil samples are taken every five inches and the removed soil is tested in laboratory

Name seven properties that soil is tested for

Above this depth soil does freeze, below this depth, it does not. The actual depth varies

T/F: A foundation should be built below the site's water table.

Drain tile system

Why are slabs on grade placed over several inches of gravel fill?

This is used between the slab on grade and the foundation wall to seal the joint against water penetration

T/F: Under normal conditions, bearing capacity may be increased by simply deepening or increasing the bearing area o the footing.

Why should a slab be located above the water table?

What are four methods to reduce void volume in soil?

When a building development interrupts or alters the exiting natural drainage system, that system must not be blocked, nor should the flow that is required to handle be increased without increasing the system's capacity.

The land adjacent to a building should be sloped away at a grade of at least ____

What slope should a drainage ditch be?

What is the max slope of a grassy area?

What is the max slope of unmowed ground cover?

the addition or removal of earth prior to the start of construction

the final distribution of earth at the conclusion of construction. It is generally more precise than the distribution of earth prior to construction and may include the placement of topsoil for landscaping

Earth that is replaced around a foundation or retaining wall after the concrete forms have been removed. The earth should be deposited in layers 6-12 inches in depth and should be thoroughly tamped and compacted to avoid settlement

A square or rectangular pad of concrete that spreads the column load over a sufficiently large area so that the bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded

a continuous spread footing that spreads the wall load over a sufficiently large area so that the bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded

one large footing under the entire building that distributes the load over the entire building area. It is used when soil conditions are poor

One large footing that is placed at a depth such that the weight of the soil removed from the excavation is equal to the load of the building and thus little or no new load is added to the underlying soil

If upper soils have insufficient bearing capacity to support spread footings, these are used. They are driven deep into the ground. They transfer the load to the soil by skin friction between it and the surrounding soil or by end bearing, where the load is supported by the rock or firm subsoil under its tip

What materials are piles made of?

a pile that transmits its load to the soil by skin friction

a pile that transmits its load to the soil by end bearing

Box like structures used where very wet or soft soils are encountered. They provide a method of constructing foundations below water level and may be formed from timber, steel or concrete. Excavation is performed within it

For bridge piers or similar construction located in water, the entire area is surrounded with water tight sheet piling, the water is pumped out, and the foundations are then constructed. What is the name of this system of installation?

A temporary wall of wood, steel, or precast concrete to retain the soil around the excavation

A type of sheeting in which a narrow trench is filled with a slurry, or soupy mixture, of bentonite clay and water, which resists the pressure of earth. After the trench excavation is completed, reinforcing steel is lowered into the trench, concrete is placed from the bottom up and the slurry is pumped out.

Diagonal braces used to help the sheeting resist soil pressure

When using this material for a piling, the piling must be below permanent ground water level

This piling material is either round, square, or octagonal and frequently prestressed

When this material is used for a piling, it is driven with a mandrel core that is removed before pouring

When this material is used for a piling, it is driven with a sealed tip, then filled with concrete.

This material is used for a piling when there is dense earth and heavy loads

This piling material may be used as a water dam

Consists of asphalt cement and graded aggregates, proportioned and mixed in a plant, transported to the site, spread over a firm foundation, and rolled while still hot.

Consists of cold liquid asphalt and aggregates, proportioned and mixed in a plant, transported to the site, spread over a firm foundation, and rolled while still hot.

this begins with a base of crushed stone, gravel or slag compacted to a smooth surface. it is then sprayed with asphalt emulsion or hot asphalt cement in controlled quantities, covered with fine aggregate, and finally rolled until the smaller aggregate fills the voids in the coarse aggregate

This material is very popular and durable for pedestrian traffic. It can be laid over a sand or cement/sand bed, but is far more permanent when laid on a concrete slab foundation. It is important to provide proper drainage because it can become slippery when wet

Small, rectangular, or square blocks of granite that are set in cement mortar to produce a very durable paved surface

thin slabs of slate, bluestone, or soapstone installed over a sand bed or with mortar on a concrete slab

a systematic method of obtaining optimum value for every dollar spent, considering all project expenditures, including construction, maintenance, operation, and replacement

Which of the following will most effectively divert subsurface water away from a building's foundation?

A. Place the foundation below the water table

B. Modify the contours of the site during finish grading

C. Install drainage tiles adjacent to the bottom of footings

D. Provide a bed of coarse gravel at the perimeter of the foundation

If the loads of a proposed structure are high relative to the bearing capacity of the soil, one would likely provide

A. a mat footing

B. continuous wall footings

C. combined footings

D. Shallow spread footings

A system of piles may be appropriate for supporting a structure when

A. moisture in the soil is detected

B. the piles can be placed below ground water level

C. dense earth makes conventional excavation difficult

D. surface soil has low bearing capacity

Frost line refers to the level of earth

A. at which the soil bearing value is affected by the weather

B. at which the building foundation should be located

C. below which the footings will not freeze

D. below which the soil does not freeze

For a structure with very heavy loads resting on dense earth, which of the following would be most appropriate?

A. Boat footings

B. Jetted footings

C> wood piles

D. structural steel piles

Placing a load on a footing results in

A. reduced soil bearing capacity

B. differential settlement

C. A reduction of the soil's void volume

D. shrinkage of the soil

The principal purpose of all soil exploration and testing is to determine the

A. bearing capacity of the soil

B. intrinsic character of the soil

C. depth of the water table

D. depth of the bedrock

The design of a surface drainage system for a residential development is based on a five year storm. During a review, the drainage system is found to be incapable of handling the expected runoff. Therefore, it should be

A. changed to a subsurface system

B. changed to employ non erosive materials

C. designed for a 10 year storm

D. designed for a 100 year storm

In the residential development of the previous question, runoff might be reduced by using

A. flat roofs, rather than sloped roofs, on the residential units

B. wider eaves on the residential units

C. more paved areas

D. greater areas of vegetation

A type of economic cost analysis which evaluates cost in terms of the interaction between different building systems

an organized process to ensure that all building systems perform interactively according to the intent of the architectural and engineering design, and the owners operating needs. Typically includes all HVAC/MEP systems, controls, ductworks and pipe insulationn, renewable and alternate technologies, life safety systems, lighting controls, daylighting systems, and any thermal storage systems.

T/F: Commissioning verifies the proper operation of architectural elements such as the buldng envelope, vapor and infiltration control, and gaskets and sealant used to control water infiltration

This alternative to full air conditioning used the differential thermal energy in water from an underground well to cool a building during summer and heat a building in the winter

This is produced through a process that converts biomass, such as rapid rotation crops and select farm and animal waster, to a gas that can fuel a gas turbine. The conversion process occurs through anaerobic digestions

What are a few advantages of biogas?

What footing type is:

Most economical…$ method.

Delivers load directly to soil.

Area of the footing = load/safe bearing capacity.

Footing type where holes are drilled to firm strata and concrete poured. They’re basically really, really deep spread footings

the study of spatial requirements of humans and the effects of populationdensity on behavior, communication and social interaction

systematic investigation process applied to existing buildings toimprove an optimize operating/maintenance.

Treatment aplied to historic structure where least amount of work done to the building and any interventions are asinconspicuous as possible

Treatment applied to historic structure that retains and repairs historic materials, but some replacement ofdamaged material is ok, as are additions that convey historic values

Treatment applied to historic structure that calls for removal of inconsistent features and replacement of missing features inaccordance with the restoration period

new construction to look like how something existed at an earliertime

term used in historic preservation when you designate certain areas to berepaired or restored at a later date, under a later contract