Art History Ancient Through Medieval: Test I

Aurochs, horses, and rhinoceroses

Chauvet Cave, Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, France

c. 30,000-28,000 BCE or c. 15,000-13,000 BCE

Nude woman (Venus of Willendorf)

Willendorf, Austria

c. 28,000-25,000 BCE

Limestone

Palette of King Narmer

Hierakonpolis, Egypt (Predynastic)

c. 3000-2920 BCE

Slate

Khafre enthroned

c. 2520-2494 BCE (4th Dynasty)

Diorite

Akhenaten

c. 1353-1335 BCE (18th Dynasty)

Sandstone

Figurine of a woman

Syros (Cyclades), Greece

c. 2600-2300 BCE

Marble

Palace at Knossos, Crete

c. 1700-1370 BCE

Landscape with swallows (Spring Fresco)

Akrotiri, Thera (Cyclades)

c. 1650-25 BCE

Fresco

Harvesters Vase

Hagia Triada, Crete

c. 1500 BCE

Steatite, originally with gold leaf

Palace and citadel at Tiryns, Greece

c. 1400-1200 BCE

Warrior Vase

Mycenae, Greece

c. 1200 BCE

Ceramic

Temple of Aphaia

Aegina, Greece

c. 500-490 BCE

Transitional/Early Classical

Dying warrior, from west pediment

Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece

c. 490 BCE

Transitional

Dying warrior, from east pediment

Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece

c. 480 BCE

Early Classical

Iktinos and Kallikrates

Parthenon, Athens

447-38 BCE

High Classical

Achilles and Ajax playing a dice game

Exekias

Athenian black-figure amphora

c. 540-30 BCE

Three revelers

Euthymides

Red-figure amphora

c. 510 BCE

Battle of Issus

Philoxenos of Eritrea

c. 310 BCE

Mosaic

"New York" kouros

c. 600 BCE

Marble

Seated boxer

c. 100-500 BCE

Bronze

Kroisos, kouros from Anavysos, Greece

The "Anavysos" kouros

c. 530 BCE

Marble

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)

Polykleitos

Roman marble copy of bronze original c. 450-40 BCE

Apoxyomenos (Scraper)

Lysippos

Roman marble copy of bronze original c. 330 BCE

Old market woman

Roman copy of marble original of c. 150-100 BCE

Laocoön and his sons

Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of Rhodes

Early 1st century CE

Marble

Model of a typical Etruscan temple of 6th century BCE, as described by Roman author Vitruvius

Apulu (Apollo of Veii), from roof

Portonaccio temple, Veii, Italy

c. 510-500 BCE

Painted terracotta

Interior, Tomb of the Leopards

Monterozzi necropolis, Tarquinia, Italy

c. 480 BCE

Temple of Portunus (Temple of Fortuna Virilis)

Rome, Italy

c. 75 BCE

Pantheon

Rome, Italy

118-25 CE

First Style wall painting in the Samnite House

Herculaneum, Italy

Late 2nd century BCE

Gardenscape, Second Style wall paintings, Villa of Livia

Primaporta, Italy

c. 30-20 BCE

Fresco

Detail of a Third Style wall painting, Villa of Agrippa Postumus

Boscotrecase, Italy

c. 10 BCE

Fresco

Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace)

Rome, Italy

c. 13-9 BCE

Arch of Titus

Rome, Italy

After 81 CE

Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan

Rome, Italy

Dedicated 112 CE

Portrait of a Roman general, from Sanctuary of Hercules

Tivoli, Italy

c. 75-50 BCE

Marble

Portrait of Vespasian

c. 75-79 CE

Marble

Colossal head of Constantine, from the Basilica Nova

Rome, Italy

c. 315-30 CE

Marble

Painted portrait of Septimius Severus and his family

Egypt

c. 200 CE

Tempera on wood

Portrait of Augustus as general

Primaporta, Italy

Early 1st century CE copy of a bronze original of c. 20 BCE

Marble

Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius

Rome, Italy

c. 175 CE

Bronze

Apotheosis of Antoninus Pius, pedestal of the Column of Antoninus Pius

Rome, Italy

c. 161 CE

Marble

Decursio, pedestal of the Column of Antoninus Pius

Rome, Italy

c. 161 CE

Marble

Interior, Santa Sabina

Rome, Italy

c. 422-432

Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes

Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy

c. 504

Mosaic, nave wall

Sarcophagus with philosopher, orant, and Old and New Testament scenes (Santa Maria Antiqua sarcophagus)

c. 270

Marble

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, from the Vatican cemetery

Rome, Italy

c. 359

Marble

Of, relating to, or denoting the early phase of the Stone Age, lasting about 2.5 million years, when primitive stone implements were used

About 10,000 BCE, humans began to cultivate crops and domesticate certain animals. This was a change from the system of hunting and gathering that had sustained humans from earliest times. As a result, permanent settlements were established.

Of, relating to, or denoting the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed.

A system with a lintel (header) as the horizontal member over a building void supported at its ends by two vertical posts.

i.e. Stonehenge

A convention of representation in which part of a figure is shown in profile and another part of the same figure is shown frontally.

A stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected as a monument, often for funerary or commemorative purposes.

The level between the two green roofs, reinforced here by flying buttress.

A vertical level in a work that consists of several levels, especially where the levels are clearly separated by lines. Comparable to a row/line in modern texts.

In architecture, a hall with a roof that is supported by columns.

A technique in which the artist uses unnatural proportion or scale to depict the relative importance of figures in the artwork.

Art in which the ideas involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns.

Era of Egyptian history toward latter half of 18th Dynasty. Dramatic change of Egypt's polytheistic religion into one where a sun-god Aten was worshipped over all other gods.

In the Classical styles, the architectural member that most readily distinguishes the order. Two simple forms are a square wooden block called an abacus, placed on the top of a post, and an oblong block called a billet, set with its greatest dimensions parallel to the beam above.

Inner chamber of a temple in classical architecture.

Greek for "before a temple"; a porch leading to the entrance of the building

Either the rear room of an ancient Greek temple or the inner shrine

Having a single row of pillars on all sides in the style of the temples of ancient Greece.

Having a double row of pillars on all sides.

The top step of the crepidoma, the stepped platform on which colonnades of temple columns are placed (the floor of the temple)

Having no roof; open to the sky.

A statue of a standing nude youth that did not represent any one individual youth but the idea of youth. Used in Archaic Greece as dedication to the gods in sanctuaries and as a grave monument. Standard kouros stood with his left foot forward, arms at his sides, looking straight ahead.

A free-standing ancient Greek sculpture of the Archaic period depicting female figures, always of a young age. Could represent mortals or deities.

Mosaic: An image created with individual tiles known as tesserae

A small candle intended to be burnt as a votive offering in an act of Christian prayer

The elevation of someone to divine status (often seen in Greek and Roman portraiture)

Long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force experienced by the Roman Empire after the end of the Final War of the Roman Republic and before the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century.

Reusing earlier building material or decorative sculpture on new monuments.

Extremely or strictly naturalistic.

"Damnation of memory": Person must not be remembered. A form of dishonor that could be passed by the Roman Senate upon traitors or others who brought discredit to the Roman State (i.e. Nero).

Any form of government where power is divided among four individuals, but in modern usage usually refers to the system instituted by Roman Emperor Diocletian in 293.

To imitate a classical style

The act of moving around a sacred object or idol.

A stone coffin, typically adorned with a sculpture or inscription and associated with the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Rome, and Greece.

An open public court building, usually located adjacent to the forum of a Roman town. By extension, applies to Christian buildings.

Features a central nave (body of the church, approach to high altar) and aisles.

An underground cemetery consisting of a subterranean gallery with recesses for tombs, as constructed by the ancient Romans.

A figure in art with extended arms or bodily attitude of prayer, usually standing, with the elbows close to the sides of the body and with the hands outstretched sideways, palms up.