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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is demography?
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The study of population and their characteristics
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How many ways are there of measuring birth rates?
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3
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What is the birth rate?
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The number of live births per thousand of the population per year
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What is the fertility rate?
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The number of live births per thousand women of childbearing age (15-44) per year
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What is the total fertility rate?
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The average number of children women will have during their fertile years
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Has the birth rate increased or decreased between 1900 and 2014?
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Decreased
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What was the birth rate in 1900, and 2014?
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1900 = 28.7 2014 = 12.2 |
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Has the total fertility rate increased or decreased between 1900 and 2014?
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Decreased
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What was the total fertility rate in 1900, and 2014?
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1900 = 6 2014 = 1.83 |
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What is most likely the most important reason for long term fall in birth rates?
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Changes in women's position
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Why would the changes in womens position affect the birth rate?
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- Range of job oppurtunities - Decrease of gender stereotypes - Sex education - Womens choice to have children - Girls get further education |
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What sociologists would support that the change in women's position is the most important reason behind the fall in birth rate?
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- Sharpe (1994) - Wilkinson (1994) - Harper (2012) |
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What did Harper claim?
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The education of women is the most important reason behind the fall in birth rate
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What happened to the infant mortality rate to cause the decrease of the birth rate?
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It decreased
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Why would a decline in the infant mortality rate affect the birth rate?
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Fewer babies die in the first year of life and parents used to have more children to replace the children they lost.
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Why has the infant mortality rate fallen?
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- Better healthcare and hygiene - Improved living conditions - More health and safety measures |
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Why might the cost of children affect the birth rate?
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Children used to be economic assets to the family because they worked and now they have to go to school and there are child labour laws. |
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In 2015 how much does it cost to raise a child to the age of 21?
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£230,000
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Why do children cost more than ever before?
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- Stay in education and cost of education - Peer pressure to keep up with trends - Social expectations and media |
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How can changes in the number of babies born affect the family?
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- Smaller families - More time/money for fewer children - Women are more likely to work - Voluntary childlessness - Increase in beanpole families |
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What is the dependency ratio? |
The relationship between the size of the working/productive part of the population and the size of the non-working/dependent part of the population
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What is the affect of the fall in the birth rate on the dependency ratio? |
It goes down because children are dependent, however it means less of a working force later on
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Had there been a slight increase or decrease in birth/fertility rates since 2001? |
Increase
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Why might we have seen a slight increase in the birth rates since 2001? |
-An increase in immigration (mothers from outside the UK have a higher fertility rate) |
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What percentage of births did immigrants count for in 2011? |
25% of all births |
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What is the death rate? |
The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year |
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Has the death rate increases or decreased between 1900 and 2012? |
Decreased |
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What was the death rate in 1900 and 2012? |
1900 = 19 2012 = 8.9 |
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What is the infant mortality rate?
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The number of deaths of babies in their first year of life per thousand live births per year
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Has the infant mortality rate increased or decreased between 1900 to 2012?
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Decreased
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What was the infant mortality rate in 1900 and 2012?
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1900 = 154 2012 = 4.1 |
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What is the life expectancy?
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How long on average a person born in a given year can expect to live
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Between 1900 and 2013 has the life expectancy increased or decreased?
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Increased
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What was the life expectancy for males and females, in 1900 and 2013?
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Males - 1900 = 50 , 2013 = 79 Females - 1900 = 57 , 2013 = 83 |
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Why might the life expectancy vary based on gender?
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- Men do more manual work - Women are more likely to get help with health? - Men are more risk taking than women - Men are more likely to smoke/drink |
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What were the numbers of people aged over 90 and over in 2002 and 2012.
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2002 = 384,980 (380,000) 2012 = 372,290 (370,000) |
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What reasons might there be for the changes in the death rate and life expectancy?
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- Higher living standards - Public health measures - Medical improvements - Smoking - Improved nutrition |
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What is an ageing population?
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One in which the average age is getting higher, with a greater proportion of the population over the retirement age and a smaller population of young people.
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What is natural change?
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The difference between the number of births and the number of deaths?
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Currently are there more births or deaths?
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Births
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What family types have increased due to an ageing population?
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- Beanpole families - Single person households |
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What do age pyramids show?
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The proportion of different age groups in a population
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What were the largest age groups in 1901,2005 and 2041 (predicted)?
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1901 = 0-19 2005 = 20 - 59 2041 = 40 - 59 |
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What three factors are causing an ageing population?
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- Increasing life expectancy - Declining infant mortality - Declining fertility |
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What are the advantages of an ageing population?
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- A boost to the economy (leisure + culture industries) - More social solidarity + community involvement - Less crime - Family support (child care/financial) |
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What are the disadvantadges of an ageing population?
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- Dependency ratio - Pensioner time bomb (increased use of welfare budget) - Increase in poverty - Emotional strain on family - More ill health - Housing shortages - Isolated + lonely households |
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What sort of material support do granparents offer grandchildren?
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Financial (pocket money, school fees) |
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In what ways do children benefit from regular contact with their grandparents?
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Emotional support - advice - family history/heritage - resolve family conflict - keeps relatives in touch
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What is the relationship between grandparents and young children usually consist of? |
- Teaching skills - Playing - Outings |
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What are push and pull factors? |
Push factors are those that may encourage someone to leave their home country. Pull factors are this that may attract them to a new country. |
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What are some examples of push factors? |
- War - Poverty - Lack of safety - Cost - Natural disasters - Unemployment |
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What are some examples of pull factors? |
- Better healthcare - Better job oppurtunities - Better government - Stability - Freedom |
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In the past and present where typically have people immigrated to the UK from? |
- Europe - The Carribean - Asia - Africa |
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In the past and present where typically have people emigrated to from the UK? |
- USA - Canada - Australia - New Zealand - South Africa - Central Europe |
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What do we have as a result of migration and globalisation? |
More cultural diversity in the UK |
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What do we have as a result of more cultural diversity in the UK? |
Greater family diversity |
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What sociological study from past booklets already relates to cultural diversity? |
The Rapoports (1982) (five types of family diversity) |
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Who did a study in Asian family life in the UK? |
Berthoud (2003) |
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What did Berthoud (2003) find out about Asian family life? |
- 33% live in classic extended families - Traditional family values - More likely to have arranged marriages and children marry at younger ages - Traditional gender roles - High respect of elders |
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What is the relationship between grandparents and teenagers usually consist of? |
- Talking - Advice and support |
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Which sociologist did a study in African-Caribbean family life in the UK? |
Berthoud (2003) |
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What did Berthoud (2003) find about African-Carribbean life? |
- 33% live in classic extended families - Traditional family values - More likely to have arranged marriages and children marry at younger ages - Traditional gender roles - High respect of elders |
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What family type is significantly less stigmatised now? |
Dual heritage/inter-ethnic |
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Which two sociologists do studies in dual heritage families? |
- Platt (2009) - Ali (2002) |
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What did Platt (2009) find out about dual heritage families? |
- African Carribbeans are more likely to intermarry with members from another ethnic group, especially white people - Only 1/4 of African-Carribbean children have 2 black parents |
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What did Ali (2002) did out about dual heritage families? |
- There has been an increase of dual heritage children, 6 X more likely to be dual heritage for under 18s than over 30's - It is low in other ethnicities, only 4% of Pakistanis intermarry |
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How might we link migration and the dependency ratio? |
- Immigrants are more likely to work so it lowers dependency ratio - However immigrants have more children raising the ratio - However the children will work one day lowering it again |
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What are some examples of internal migration in the UK? |
- Industrialisation (rural to urban areas) - An increase in migration to the south east and London |
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What is the relationship between grandparents and adult grandchildren usually consist of? |
Grandchildren supporting their grandparents |
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Besides natural change what is the other factor affecting the size and age of the population? |
Migration |
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What is migration? |
The movement of people from place to place |
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Why has migration increased? |
Globalisation |
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What is globalisation? |
The growing inter-connectedness of societies around the world |
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What is immigration? |
Movement into a society |
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What is emigration? |
Movement out of a society |
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What is net migration? |
The difference between the numbers of immigrants and the number of emigrants |
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What are some examples of push factors?
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- war - poverty - lack of safety - cost - natural disasters - unemployment |
