Ate2638 Animal Lab Procedures I Mid Term: Tollon

What is the normal PCV range for a dog?

Which color vacutainer is used to obtain serum?

What is the term that we use for the white to gray layer ofa PCV where the white blood cells are located?

What effect could excessive EDTA have on the PCV value?

Nameone condition for an elevated T.P.

The basic components of a CBC include

Define plasma.

Which of the following are associated with bloodcoagulation?

A normal white blood cell count in a canine would fall itowhich of the following ranges?

What is another name for a PCV?

What type of stain is used for identifying reticulocytes?

Which of the red blood cell line is the MOST immature?

Which of the following is the the most mature nucleated red blood cell:

Three causes of anemia include all but which of the following?

Ingestions of onions, toxic drugs, acetaminophen or garlic would all cause

Variation of red blood cell size is known as

Which cell in the following RBC series is most mature?

What feature of K-9 red blood cells is defined as a pale area in the center of the cells with less hemoglobin?

In what species is rouleaux of red blood cells particularly evident?

Unusual shape of red blood cells that usually occur in chronic anemias is called

NRBC and Howell Jolly bodies are the only signs of regeneration shown in peripheral blood.

What is the term for shrunken red blood cells as a result of slow drying?

Clumping of RBC's is known as:

Another name for a basophilic or polychromatic erythrocyte is:

In an acute blood loss, the animal will show signs of regenerative anemia immediately.

Some common causes of Heinz bodies include:

The indices that tells the size of the average RBC is:

If an animal shows a non-regenerative anemia, the blood sample would show:

Small darkly stained erythrocytes that are associated with immune mediated hemolytic anemais are:

A macrocytic hypochromic anemia is most likely associated with:

Neutrophilia is defined as a decrease in overall white blood cell numbers.

What are the myeloid cels that are right before the band neutrophils in normal maturation of the white blood cells?

Which WBC is the most abundant and is the body's first line of defense?

What cells are considered agranulocytes?

The cell with large round red granules in the dog would be

Which cell is primarily responsible for the immune response?

All blood cells arise from a

A right shift is when the number of WBC's are increased with immature cells present.

Which of the white blood cells have granules that vary the most from species to species?

A band neutrophil is an immature WBC also known as a metamyelocyte

What are the small blue, grey granules called that are found in toxic neutrophils?

An increased number of WBC in circulating blood is called

The lymphocyte involved with antibody production is ______________.

Causes of a stress leukogram include all of the following except?

When they are in blood, they are called monocytes, however when they move into the tissues, they are called __________________.

A lymphocyte which contains nucleoli are called a

What are the main features of toxicity in the neutrophil?

The hallmarks of a stress leukogram include all of the following except?

What would you expect to see in a degenerative left shift?

The presence of ________________ signify a systemic allergic reaction.

Piroplasmosis is associated with

How is Lyme Disease transmitted?

Which of the following blood parasites resembles rabbit ears or tear drops when seen under the microscope?

Dirofilaria immitis is a relatively common nematode found in dogs.

Another name for tropical canine pancytopenia (TCP) is called __________________.

The causative agent of Lyme Disease is?

Dirofilaria immitis uses a dog or cat flea as a host.

Dirofilaria immitis affects other species besides dogs

Feline infectious anemia is caused by Haemobartonella felis

A direct smear examination is the best way to determine the type of microfilariae?

White Blood Cell Count normals

Leukocytes normal's =

In dogs we will see a normal pcv of

in cats we see normals as a little lower at

Serum contains

Normal colors of serum dog, cat, and pig

Normal colors of serum cow and horse

Thrombocytes (Platelets)Normal numbers =

Red blood cell count normals are

What is included in a CBC (Complete Blood Count)

PCV/3 =

PCV/6 =

Erythrocytes (Red blood cells ) Circulation time

Neutrophil

Approximately 2-10 % of the wbc's cells on a differential

Approximately 1% or less of the wbc's cells on a differential

Approximately 2-10 % of the wbc's cells on a differential; Associated with Chronic Inflammatory conditions

Approximately 12 - 30 % of the wbc's cells on a differential

____________ are divided into two types of cells depending on their specific function

involved with antibody production

involved with cellular immunity

elevated total protein levels in conjunction with elevated packed cell volume (PCV) suggest that the animal probably is

True or False

Elevated total protein in conjunction with a low PCV is alarming because dehydration may well be masking a more severe anemia.

______________ is an accompaniment of chronic or severe acute blood loss anemia.

The liquid portion of whole blood that still contains the coagulation factors

The liquid portion of clotted blood used in many blood chemistry tests

Major Lymph Nodes palpated in small animals

______________ are characterized by decreased PCV, increased reticulocyte count, and polychromasia and anisocytosis in the blood film.

__________________ have elevated MCV values and reduced MCHC values (macrocytic and hypochromic anemias).

____________ anemias are characterized by decreased PCV without evidence of response; that is, no reticulocytosis.

____________ "anemia of chronic disease" is the most commonly encountered anemia in veterinary medicine.

Granulocytes have visible granules or grains inside the cells that have different cell functions. Types of granulocytes include :

Agranulocytes are free of visible grains under the microscope and include:

Signs of 5% dehydration

Signs of 6-8% dehydration

Signs of 10-12% dehydration

Signs of >12% dehydration

Large extra-cellular parasites that affect many species, and are carried by biting insects. Rarely seen in US

Free swimming in peripheral bloodInsect vector - kissing bug, reduviid bug

Babesia canis was formerly called

Equine babesiosis is also known as

Acanthocytosis

abnomral clumping together of RBCs

Younger, greater than 5 clumps of reticulum. Counted in Retic count

1. lymphocytes-most common
2. monocytes-largest of the WBC ak.a. Phagocytes; associated with chronic imflammatory conditions

tick borne rickettsia disease found in cattle. Round, intra-erthyrocytic body found near margin of RBC.

abnormal variation in the size of RBC. Sign of regenerative anemia.

Another name for tropical canine pancytopenia (TCP) is called

pear shaped or tear drop shaped organism. Transmitted by brown dog tick (tick borne hemoprotozoan disease). Can cause anemia. Common in racing greyhounds.

Buffy coat of 1 mm is equal to approx. how many WBCs?

1. Hemorrhage

2. Hemolysis

3. Inadequate production

Causes of a stress leukogram include?

The cell with large round red granules in the dog would be which cell?

The components of a stress leukogram

Componets of a CBC

Normal or less than normal WBC count along with left shift

also known as Tropical Canine Pancytopenia or TCP. Tick born disease transmitted by the brown dog tick. Treated with Doxy or Tetracycline

decrease in criculating eosinophils. Can be caused by steroids, cushing's disease, and prolonged stress.

an increase in circulating eosinophils.

1. Neutrophils- most common and first line of defense

2. eosinophil-most variation between species(allergies and parasites)

3. basophils-rare

round angular refractile bodies composed of hemoglobin particles. Also known as erythocyte regfractile bodies. Seen best with NMB. Represent oxidation and denaturation of hemoglobin in the red blood cells.

cause of Feline Infectious Anemia in felines and often underlying to some other disease process such as FIV, FIP, or FeLV. Appears as a small blue cocci ring or rod on surface of RBC.

RBCs with remnats of nuclear material

a RBC with a decreased amount of Hg.

least accurate parts of a CBC

Large cells that have thin membranes and fold easily. Include target cells or codocytes and bar cells.

an increase in the number of circulating leukocytes

a reduction below the normal number of leukocytes in the circulating blood.

an increase in the total number of lymphocytes in the blood. Can be caused by excitement, antigen stimulation, Addison's disease, or lymphocytic leukemia.

a reduction below the normal number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood. Less than 1000/microliter in a dog and less than 1500/microliter in cats

1. T-Cells- involved with cellular immunity

2. B-Cells- involved with antibody production

A macrocytic hypochromic anemia is most likely associated with?

an increase of MCV of RBCs.

Maturation of Leukocytes

smaller than normal RBCs. Seen in some anemias.

Morphological types of anemia

most accurate parts of a CBC

an increase in overall white blood cell numbers

increase of immature or band neutrophils

NRBC

32-45% in young dogs and 41-55% in adult

liquid portion of whole blood with coagulation factors (purple top)

plasma abnormal's are:

plasma color normals are

NormalRange 200-500,000/mm3 a.k.a. Megakaryocytes

RBCs of unusual shape.

refers to any unusual shape of RBCs; usually occurs in chronic anemia

older, less than 5 clumps of reticulum. Not counted in feline retic count

RBC Maturation cycle

includes an increase WBC along with left shift

immature, non-nucleated RBCs that can be identified with NMB stain. Retain basophilic staining material. Also know as basophilic erythrocyte. Two types: punctate and aggregate.

coin like stacking of RBCs; commonly seen in the horse and cat.

RBC fragments associated with DIC and other diseases.

liquid portion of clotted blood (red top)

Signs of Regeneration in Anemia

the presence of spherocytes or RBCs of a descreased diameter in relation to their volume. No central pallor. Present with AIHA or IMHA.

thin RBCs that have increased surface are without increased volume. Also known ascodocytes. May be a sign of liver disease.

Total Protein

What are the main features of toxicity in the neutrophil?

What cell is primarily responsible for the immune response

What is the primary function of a neutrophil?

Which of the white blood cells have granules that vary the most from species to species?

Apicomplexa

piroplasm

tick vector

intracellular

Specimen collection: capillary or venous blood

Isospora felis (coccidia)

Dipylidium caninum (tapeworms)

Trichuris Vulpis (whipworm)

Ancylostoma caninum (hookworm)

Paragonimus kellicotti (lung fluke)

Babesia Canis

Granular casts are of two forms: coarsely granular (early stage) and finely granular (late stage). Both forms are interpreted as evidence of tubular degeneration.

Reticulocytosis

Zoonotic disease

Feline Infectious Anemia FIA

Hemobartonella felis (Newly Renamed Mycoplasma Haemofelis)

UREMIA is the

Pre-renal azotemia uremia

Renal azotemia uremia

Post-renal azotemia uremia

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)

A fixedspecific gravity of 1.008 to 1.012 (average 1.010) is referred to as:

Polychromasiadescribes

abnormal variation inthe size of RBC. Sign of regenerative anemia.

refers to any unusual shape of RBCs; usuallyoccurs in chronic anemia

a reduction below thenormal number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood. Less than 1000/microliterin a dog and less than 1500/microliter in cats

aka Targetcells:Large cells that have thin membranes and fold easily. Include target cells orcodocytes and bar cells.agment-

The significance of isosthenuria is that

The color of urine

A sweet, fruity odor in urine could indicate

Urine samples allowed to stand at room temperature for long periods of time will

Specific gravity should be evaluated with

Urine should be analyzed

The physical evaluation of urine should include

An ammonia odor could indicate

Isosthenuria would be considered with a specific gravity of

Ketonuria occurs

When using chemistry strips, which tests are least reliable for animals?

The pH level should be evaluated in conjunction with the animal's diet.

The chemical analysis of urine would include

For the most accurate test results

Glucosuria may occur in which of the following conditions

The renal threshold of glucose for the canine is approximately

The best way to detect whether "blood" on the chemistry strip is actually RBC's or hemoglobin or myoglobin, the technician should

The color reactions on chemistry strips remain stable for 60 minutes.

Bilirubinuria could indicate

Ethylene glycol poisoning would have which crystals present?

Crystals with clinical significance would include

Pyuria is defined as

A microscopic examination should be performed

What is the scientific name of the bladder worm?

The most frequently occurring casts which may occasionally be found in the urine are

Which epithelial cell is easily confused with a WBC?

Crystal formation can be dependant on

Urinary casts are formed in

For microscopic examination, urine is best collected by

The definitive host for Dirofilaria immitis is

Which drug is effective against heartworm, roundworms, hookworms and whipworms?

Historically, before the use of improved occult tests, close examination was needed to differentiate between

The CDC is very concerned about the zoonotic potential of

ELISA testsdetect

Visceral larva migrans is a zoonotic disease that can be caused by

Protozoan organisms are best detected by

What internal parasite eggs are particularly resistant to environmental conditions?

A direct fecal smear is performedto

Parasites that are easily identified by their proglottids are

Agranulocytes, also known as

Granulocytes are

cause of FelineInfectious Anemia in felines and often underlying to some other disease processsuch as FIV, FIP, or FeLV. Appears as a small blue cocci ring or rod on surfaceof RBC.

excretion of free hemoglobin in the urine.

is an increase in the number of immature leukocytes in the peripheral blood, particularly neutrophil band cells.

neutrophilia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia

transitionalcell carcinoma

types of bladder tumors

Red blood cell count

White Blood Cell Count

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

Total ProteinNormals are

Thrombocytes aka Platelets

Normal PCV Dog :

Normal PCV cat

Normal TP Dog:

Normal TP Cat:

RBC estimate =

Hgb estimate is

Platelets Normal Range

RBC Normal Range dog

Total Protein

Normal hb for dog?

What is normal hb for cat?

WBC Normal Range

MCV (Femtoliters fl )=

MCH (Picograms pg)=

MCHC (g/dl) =

Blood Types

Erythrocytes