Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Natural Classification |
Based on evolutionary relationships between a species and genetic differences |
|
Artificial Classification |
Based on appearance only |
|
Plants |
Produce food through photosynthesis Do not move Have a celluose cell wall |
|
Animals |
Consume food They move Have a nervous system |
|
Fungi |
Do not move Have cell walls and grow by spores |
|
Bacteria |
Single Cells No Nucleus
|
|
Protocitsta |
Single Cells Some have chloroplasts No cell wall
|
|
Hybrid |
Infertile offspring of two different species |
|
Kingdom---->Phylum---->Class----> |
Order---->Family--->Genus---->Species |
|
Energy Efficiency Equation |
Energy Efficiency = Energy Converted to biomass/Total energy taken in x 100 |
|
Pyramids of Biomass |
Length of each bar represents th eorganic mass Always be a bigger bottomed pyramid |
|
Pyramids of Number |
Shows the number of organisms at each trophic level of the food chain |
|
The Carbon Cycle |
-Carbon dioxide is released through respiration. -It's taken in by plants for photosynthesis. -Plants are eaten by animals. -Animal/Plant death causes further release of carbon dioxide. |
|
Carbon Recycled at Sea |
-Marine organisms shells made from carbonates fossilise into limestone rock -Volcanic eruptions and weathering cause the limestone to release carbon dioxide -Oceans absorb carbon dioxide like Carbon Sinks |
|
The Nitrogen Cycle |
-Dead plants and animals are chemically broken down by micro-organisms -Plants absorb the broken down nitrates to make proteins for growth -Nitrates are passed onto animals through eating and plants and animals die to restart the cycle |
|
Nitrifying Bacteria |
Converts ammonia to nitrates |
|
De-nitrifying bacteria |
Converts nitrates to nitrogen |
|
Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria |
Converts nitrogen into nitrates |
|
Animals compete for... |
Food Territory Mates Water |
|
Plants compete for.... |
Sunlight Water Space Minerals
|
|
Interspecific Competition |
Different species' compete for the same resources |
|
Intraspecific Competition |
The same species compete for the same resources |
|
Ecological Niche |
The role an organism has in an ecosystem |
|
Mutualistic Relationship |
A relationship where both species benefit |
|
Parasitic Relationship |
Where only one organism (the parasite) benefits from the other organism. |
|
Adaptations to Cold Environments |
Being well insulated to avoid heat loss Small surface area to volume ratio to prevent heat loss Behavioural adaptations like hibernation or migration |
|
Polar Bears Adaptations |
Small ears, large bulk to reduce surface area to volume ratio Insulating blubber below skin Thick white fur for insulation and camouflage Large feet to spread weight on snow and ice Fur on paw soles for insulation and grip Powerful legs for running and swimming |
|
Counter Current Heat Exchange System (In Penguins) |
1) Warm blood enters the feet 2) Warm blood passes by the cold blood, warming it up 3) Blood returns through the rest of the body
|
|
Camels (Adaptations) |
Fat in the hump Don't sweat Core temp can rise by 6 degrees Bushy eyelashes/ Hair-lined nostrils (stops sand) Large feet to spread weight |
|
Cacti (Adaptations) |
Stems store water Long roots-reach more water Waterproof cuticle leaves become spines to reduce water loss and stop animals getting at water stem Reduced surface area lessens evaporation |
|
Extremophiles |
Biochemically adapted organisms that can survive in extreme conditions
|
|
Anti-Freeze Proteins |
Organisms that live in very cold conditions have them Antartic Fish use them to prevent icicle growth in them
|
|
Specialist Animals |
Animals suited only to certain habitats |
|
Generalists |
Animals that can live in a range of habitats, and are easily out-competed by other species' |
|
Predators (Adaptations) |
Built for bursts of speed Camouflaged Sharp teeth and claws Binocular Vision
|
|
Prey (Adaptations) |
Built for speed Well-camouflaged Live in groups for protection Monocular Vision Use mimicry for protection |
|
Natural Selection Process |
1) Natural Variation between organisms 2) Organisms compete for limited resources 3) Survival of the Fittest, those better adapted 4) Genes for successful adaptations are then inherited by offspring |
|
Geographical Isolation |
Isolating half of a species, causing them to adapt differently to the original in a different habitat. |
|
For speciation to occur... |
Either... 1) A population needs to be geographically isolated. 2) The populations must be prevented from breeding with one another. |
|
Lamarck's Theory |
1) Organisms change during their lifetime as they struggle to survive 2) These changes are passed onto their offspring
Theory was rejected because there was no evidence. |
|
Exponential growth |
When a measurement is growing at an ever increasing rate |
|
Finite |
A measurement with a definite end E.g. Fossil Fuels |
|
Infinite |
Never ending E.g. The Universe |
|
The Ozone Layer |
Prevents too many UV rays (cause skin cancer) reaching Earth Depleting sue to CFC's |
|
Acid Rain |
Acidic gases are released from burning fossil fuels. Gases dissolve in rain water to make acid rain. Causes metal corroding, forest destruction and acidic lakes. |
|
Global Warming |
1) Heat energy from the sun is reflected of the earth's surface back to space 2) When it reaches the atmosphere some rays pass through. Others are trapped by greenhouse gases, warming the earth. |
|
Indicator Species |
A species that indicates pollution levels |
|
Indicator Species (Pro's) |
Cheaper than electrical equipment Tests for a range of environmental changes Indicates conditions over time |
|
Indicator Species (Con's) |
Un-Ethical Kills unaware organisms Harms environment Interferes with natural eco-systems Not always reliable |
|
Indicator Species (Examples) |
Clean Water -Water Louse -Mayfly Larva -Stonefly Larva Polluted Water -Sledge Worm -Blood Worm -Rat-tailed Maggot |
|
Sustainable Development |
Making sure enough of a certain resource is left for future generations |
|
Promoting Sustainability Methods |
Fishing Quota's Managed Woodlands Education |
|
Threats to Endangered Species' |
Climate change Destruction of habitats Hunting Increased competition Pollutants |
|
Protecting Endangered Species' |
Education Breeding programmes Protection Legal protection Prohibiting Hunting
|
|
Conservation Programmes are used for... |
Protection human food supply bu maintaining genetic variety Stabilising eco-systems by minimilising damage to food chains/habitats Studying plants useful for medicinal purposes Protecting indigenious people in threatened habitats |
|
Causes of Whale Death |
Entanglement in nets Pollutants in the sea Collision with migration ships Climate Change Hunting |
|
Dead Whales are used for... |
Research Captive Breeding Entertainment Tradition Food Oil Cosmetics |
|
Research Conducted Regarding Whales |
How they communicate How they Migrate How they dive, and survive at extreme depths |