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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
protein shell that encloses a viral genome
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capsid
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membrane that cloaks the capsid that in turn encloses a viral genome
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viral envelope
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virus that infects bacteria
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phage
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limited range of host cells that each type of virus can infect and parasitize
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host range
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type of viral replication cycle resulting in the release of new phages by death or lysis of the host cell
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lytic cycle
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virus that reproduces only by a lytic cycle
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virulent phage
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phage that is capable of using either the lytic or lysogenic cycles
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temperate phage
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phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome
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prophage
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viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host
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lysogenic cycke
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viral DNA that inserts into a host genome
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provirus
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RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome
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retrovirus
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enzyme that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis
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reverse transcriptase
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harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host’s immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen
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vaccine
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code for proteins that affect he cell cycle (ex: growth factors)
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proto-oncogene
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directly involved in triggering cancerous characteristics in cells
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oncogene
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plant infected from external source of virus
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horizontal transmission
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plant inherits viral infection from parent
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vertical transmission
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tiny molecules of naked circular RNA that infect plants
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viroids
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infectious form of protein that may increase in number by converting related proteins to more ____s
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prion
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dense region of DNA in a bacteria not bounded by membrane
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nucleoid
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alteration of a bacterial cell’s genome by uptake of naked foreign DNA
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transformation
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phages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another
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transduction
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random transfer of bacterial genes from one bacterium to another
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generalized transduction
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transfers only certain genes near prophage site on bacterial chromosome
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specialized transduction
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direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined
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conjugation
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DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient
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F factor
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small, circular self replicating DNA molecule separate from the bacterial chromosome
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plasmid
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genetic element that can exist either as a plasmid or as part of the bacterial chromosome
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episome
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the F factor and its plasmid that has genes of which most are required for production of sex pili
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F plasmid
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bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics
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R plasmid
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piece of DNA that can move from one location to another in a cell’s genome
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transposon
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simplest bacterial transposons that consist of only the DNA necessary for the act of transposition
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insertion sequences
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noncoding sequences about 20 to 40 nucleotides long
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inverted repeats
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flank a transposon in its new site
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direct repeats
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transposons more complex than insertion sequences that include extra genes
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composite transposon
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sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach
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operator
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unit of genetic function common in bacteria and phages, consisting of coordinately regulated clusters of genes with related functions
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operon
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protein that binds to the operator and blocks attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter; prevents transcription of genes
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repressor
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gene that codes fro a protein that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes
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regulatory gene
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small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off
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corepressor
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inactivates repressor
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inducer
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molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule in eukaryotes
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cAMP
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regulatory protein that directly stimulates gene expression
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cAMP receptor protein
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recognized and cut up foreign DNA, including certain phage DNA
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restriction nuclease
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protein subunits capsid is built from
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capsomeres
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What kind of organisms are bacteria?
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prokaryotic
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Who found that the substance causing tobacco mosaic disease was an unusually small bacteria or perhaps a toxin?
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Mayer and Ivanovsky
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Who found that the substance causing tobacco mosaic disease could reproduce but only in the plant?
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Beigerinck
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Who finally isolated the substance causing tobacco mosaic disease by crystallizing it?
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Stanley
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What are invectious particles consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat?
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viruses
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What are obligate intracellular parasites? critters that cannot ____
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reproduce without host
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What is a viral envelope made of?
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host's membrane
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What begins when the genome of the virus enters the host cell?
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viral infection
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What on the envelope bind to specific receptors on the host's membrane?
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glycoproteins
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What remains latent within the nucleus until triggered by physical or emotional stress to leave the genome and initiate active viral production?
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provirus
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Who is the viral DNA molecule incorporated during the lysogenic cycle into a specific site on the host cell's chromosome?
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genetic recombination
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What three things can the genome of RNA viruses serve as?
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mRNA
template for mRAN template for DNA |
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What results from the host's immune response to viruses?
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temporary symptoms
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What kind of viruses transform cells by integrating into the host DNA?
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tumor
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The emergence of new wiral diseases is dur to three processes:
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mutation
spread of existing viruses from one species to another dissemination of viral disease from small isolated population |
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Whose genome is ds, circular DNA?
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bacteria
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How do bacteria divide?
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binary fission
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Give another name for some transposons.
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jumping genes
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The transposon replicates at its origin site and a copy insets elsewhere during:
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replicative transposition
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The two types of transposons are:
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insertion sequences
compositie transposons |
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Who is the viral DNA molecule incorporated during the lysogenic cycle into a specific site on the host cell's chromosome?
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genetic recombination
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What three things can the genome of RNA viruses serve as?
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mRNA
template for mRAN template for DNA |
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What results from the host's immune response to viruses?
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temporary symptoms
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What kind of viruses transform cells by integrating into the host DNA?
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tumor
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The emergence of new wiral diseases is dur to three processes:
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mutation
spread of existing viruses from one species to another dissemination of viral disease from small isolated population |
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Whose genome is ds, circular DNA?
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bacteria
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How do bacteria divide?
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binary fission
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Give another name for some transposons.
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jumping genes
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The transposon replicates at its origin site and a copy insets elsewhere during:
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replicative transposition
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The two types of transposons are:
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insertion sequences
compositie transposons |
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What causes mutations when they happen to land within the coding sequence of a gene or within a DNA region that regulates gene expression?
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insertion sequences
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What recognizes the inverted reeats as the edges of the transposon?
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transposase
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What cuts the transposon from its initial site and insets it into the target site?
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transposase
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What fills in the gaps in the DNA strands?
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DNA polymerase
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What seals the old and new material after DNA polymerase filsl in the gaps in the DNA strangs?
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DNA ligase
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What type of transposons may help bacteria adapt to new environemtns?
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composite transposons
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Who inversitgated cahnges in the color of corn kernels?
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McClintock
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Control of gene expression in bacteria is an example of _____.
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negative feedback
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How can you respond to changes other than recombining with another bacteria?
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change concentration of enzyme
adjust activity of enzymes |
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Who proposed the operon model for the control of gene expression in bacteria?
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Jacob and Monod
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region where RNA polymerase first bings
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promoter
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Which type of operon is by default on?
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repressible operon
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The number of active repressor molecules available determines the on and off mode of the ___.
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operator
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What is stimulated when a specific small molecule interacts with a regulatory protein?
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inducible operon
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Repressible exnzymes generally function in which type of pathway, synthesizing end products?
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anabolic
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Inducible enzymes usually function in which type of pathway, digesting nutrients to simpler molecules?
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catabolic
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Both repressibel and inducible operons demonstrate ____ control.
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negative
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What occurs when an activator molecule interacts directly with the genome to switch transcription on?
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positive gene control
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The cellular metabolism is biases toward the utilization of ____.
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glucose
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Overall energy levels in the cell determine the level of _____ through crp.
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transcription
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