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22 Cards in this Set

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MILBAR
Composition: Barium Sulfate, Barite (BaSO4)
Primary Function:Weighting agent for all types of mud.
Secondary Function: Barite Plugs for killing kicks.
Limitations: Maximum SG 4.2. Maximum density 20-22lbs/gal.
Treatment: as needed to control borehole pressures.
XAN-PLEX
Composition: High Molecular weight Xanthan gum biopolymer.
Primary Function: Provides viscosity in fresh, sea water, NaCl, and KCI brines.
Secondary Function: can be cross linked with heavy metal compounds to be used in fracturing.
Limitations: May need a bactericide to prevent biodegredation. Mix slowly (25-30) minutes per sack to prevent "fish eyes". At PH values above 10 the polymer becomes more sensitive to soluble calcium and may precipitate out of solution.
Features & Benefits: Produces a highly shear thinning, non-Newtonian fluid. One of the few polymers to build gel structure and therefore can be weighted.
Treatment: Initially 0.2-2.0 lb/bbl.
XAN-PLEX D
Composition: High Molecular weight Xanthan gum biopolymer with dispersing agent.
Primary Function: Provides viscosity in fresh, sea water, NaCl, and KCI brines.
Secondary Function: can be cross linked with heavy metal compounds to be used in fracturing.
Limitations: May need a bactericide to prevent biodegredation. Dispersant allows faster mixing but mixing slowly (25-30) minutes per sack to prevent "fish eyes"is recommended. At PH values above 10 the polymer becomes more sensitive to soluble calcium and may precipitate out of solution.
Features & Benefits: Produces a highly shear thinning, non-Newtonian fluid. One of the few polymers to build gel structure and therefore can be weighted.
Treatment: Initially 0.2-2.0 lb/bbl.
XAN-PLEX L
Composition: Liquid Xanthan gum biopolymer.
Primary Function: Provides viscosity in fresh, sea water, NaCL, and KCI brines.
Secondary Function: Can be cross-linked with heavy metal compounds to be used in fracturing. Limitations: May need a bactericide to prevent "fish eyes". At PH levels above 10 the polymer becomes more sensitive to soluble calcium and may precipitate out of solution.
Features and Benefits: Produces a highly shear thinning non-Newtonian fluid. One of the few polymers to build gel structure and therefore can be weighted. Especially useful in DKD operations where a fast hydrating product is needed.
Treatment: Initially 0.5-3.5 lb/bbl.
SUPER_COL
Composition: Highly treated premium-grade Wyoming bentonite.
Primary Function: provides viscosity in water based muds.
Secondary Function: Provide some fluid loss control.
Limitations: Maintain total hardness less than 100 mg/L. PH kept in range of 8.5-11.5.
Features and benefits: Especially useful in areas where transportation cost are high or where storage is limited. Rapid yield (4-5 minutes) is helpful when mixing large quantities of mud quickly to combat lost circulation. Produces a more shear thinning fluid due to a lower solids content and the presence of a polymer.
Treatment: A concentration of 12-15 lb/bbl in fresh water will provide a funnel viscosity of 30-35 sec/qt.
DENSIMIX
Composition: Micaceous hematite (Fe2O3), a type of oxide.
Primary Function: Weighting agent for all types of mud.
Secondary Function: High density "kill" or paper fluids.
Limitations: Specific gravity of 5.0+. Maximum density attainable is approximately 25 lb/gal (3.0). API specs for density, calcium and size. More abrasive than barite.
Features and Benefits: Fewer % solids for a given mud weight (improved rheology penetration rates). Acid soluble.
Treatmet: as needed to control borehole pressures.
MIL-BAR 410
Barium Sulfate, Barite (BaSO4)
Primary Function: Weighting agents for all types of drilling fluids.
Secondary Function: None:
Limitations: Minimum specific gravity of 4.1. Maximum density attainable is approximately 20-22 lb/gal. Current distribution limited to North America.
W.O. 30
Composition: Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
Primary Function: Fine grade used for weighting in workover, completion and drill-in fluids.
Secondary Function: Bridging agent (prevention of fluid invasion) for workover, completion and drill in fluids (various grades).
Limitations: Maximum specific gravity of of 2.7. Maximum density obtainable is approximately 14.0lb/gal.
Features and benefits: 95-98% soluble in hydrochloric acid. comes in various sizes and grades (fine to course).
Treatment: As needed to control borehole pressures for bridging.
MILGEL
Composition: Premium-grade bentonite. Not a pure bentonite.
Primary Function: Provides viscosity in water based muds.
Secondary Functions: Aids in Filtration Control by reducing the permeability of the filter cake.
Limitations: Optimum viscosity and filtration control in fresh water. Presence of chlorides and hardness will require prehydration. API specifications for viscosity, filtration, moisture and particle size.
Treatment: A concentration of 22.5 lb/bbl in fresh water will provide a minimum apparent viscosity of 15 cp. Amounts will vary accordion to viscosity needs.
SALT WATER GEL
Attapulgite clay.
Primary Function: Provides viscosity for fresh to saturated salt water fluids.
Secondary Function: High solids squeeze plugs for loss of circulation.
Limitations: Viscosity increases are dependent on the amount of shear or agitation available. No fluid loss control. API specifications for viscosity, moisture and particle size.
Treatment: A concentration of 20 lb/bbl in fresh water will provide a minimum apparent viscosity of 15 cp.
MILGEL NT
Composition: Premium-grade natural Wyoming bentonite.
Primary Function: Provides viscosity in water based muds.
Secondary Functions: Aids in Filtration Control by reducing the permeability of the filter cake.
Limitations: Optimum viscosity and filtration control in fresh water. Presence of chlorides (>200 mg/L) will require prehydration. API specifications for viscosity, filtration, moisture and particle size.
Features and Benefits: Also aids in reducing the high-temperature/high-pressure filtration properties of water based muds.
Treatment: A concentration of 25 lb/bbl in fresh water will provide a minimum apparent viscosity of 10 cp and a maximum API filtrate or 12.5 cc. Amounts will vary accordion to viscosity needs.
DEEP SWEEP
Composition: Coarse ground barite (BaSO4)
Primary Function: High Density Sweeps.
Secondary Function: Barite plugs for killing kicks.
Limitations: Coarsely ground so surface shakers will screen it out. Maintains a constant density in the circulating system. Does not meet API specifications for grind side. Can be used to weight up the drilling fluid to 18.0 ppg+ (2.16+SG)
Features and Benefits: Any fluid application where it is desired that the material is screened out of the circulating system to maintain constant density.
Treatment: As needed to control borehole problems.
Calcium Chloride
Composition: Calcium Chloride - CaCl2
Varieties: Powdered, granular, pelletized
Primary Function: Increases density of water for work over/completion purposes.
Secondary Function: Controls water activity in invert emulsion muds.
Limitations: Maximum density of 1.4SG (11.6ppg). Calcium Chloride is corrosive to metal and skin. Use appropriate personal protective equipment when mixing.
Features and Benefits: Provides density and an inhibitive environment for completion operations. Is being used in drilling operations.
Treatment: As needed up to saturation.
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
Composition: Potassium chloride (KCI)
Primary Function: Shale control.
Secondary Function: Increases density of water for work over/completion purposes.
Limitations: Maximum density of 1.15SG (9.6ppg)
Features and Benefits: Provides density and an inhibitive environment for drilling and completion operations.
Treatment: As needed up to saturation.
SALT
Composition: Sodium Chloride
Primary Function: Shale control.
Secondary Function: Increases density of water for work over/completion purposes. Additional Functions: Suppresses gas hydrate formation. Retards the dissolution of massive shale sections. Can be used to control the water activity in invert emulsion muds. Coarse ground salt is used as a bridging agent for lost circulation or drill-in fluids.
Limitations: Maximum density of 1.2SG (10.0ppg)
Features and Benefits: Provides density and an inhibitive environment for drilling and completion operations.
Treatment: As needed up to saturation.
GYPSUM
CompositionGround calcium sulfate dihydrate. (CaSO4 = 2H2O)
Primary Function:To formulate gypsum-based muds to inhibit shale swelling.
Secondary Function: To reduce carbonate levels of water based muds without increasing pH.
Limitations: Calcium solubility is limited by pH and chloride levels. To increase calcium levels it may be necessary to decrease pH on increase chlorides.
Treatment: For conversion to gypsum-based muds 2.0-5.0 ppb are typical. For carbonate removal, the concentration used will depend on the amounts of carbonates to be removed.
MIL-LIME
Composition: Calcium Hydroxide - Ca(OH)2.
Primary Functions: Varies as follows for water based muds.
1.To flocculate clays in spud muds for increased hole cleaning.
2.To treat out soluble carbonates.
3.For corrosion control for hydrogen sulfide applications.
4.For pH increases although not recommended except for #3 above.
5.Use in clear water drilling to help flocculate formation solids.
6.To prepare lime muds.
Limitations: Over treatment can cause flocculation. High lime concentrations may cause muds to be rheologically unstable at temperatures > 250 degrees F. Do not add using the chemical barrel due to low water solubility of lime.
Treatment: As needed to achieve desired results.
Oil-Base Muds and Synthetic Muds.
Primary Functions: To activate certain emulsifiers (CARBO-TEC or OMNI-TEC)
Secondary Functions: To provide excess lime for reaction with hydrogen sulfide and carbonates.
Limitations: None
Treatment: 4 ponds per gallon of emulsifier. As needed for excess lime, usually 1-4 ppb.
CAUSTIC SODA
Composition: Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
Primary Functions: For pH control for water based muds. For:
1.Activation of lignosulfonates.
2.Solubilizing lignite.
3.Limiting corrosion.
4.Removable soluble ions.
5.Treatment of certain contaminants.
Secondary Function: None.
Limitations: Health hazard. Add as liquid from a chemical barrel. Wear proper PPE when handling. Corrosive. Some products are sensitive to high pH.
Treatment: As needed to control pH.
MAGNESIUM OXIDE
Composition: An alkaline earth oxide (MgO)
Primary Function: For pH control of fresh water and brines.
Secondary Function: None
Limitations: pH up to 10.0.
Features and Benefits: Will not form precipitates when added to calcium base brines.
Treatment: Under normal operating conditions (1-3 ppb)
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
Composition: A strong alkali known as caustic potash (KOH).
Primary Functions: For pH control for water based muds.
For: 1.activation of lignosulfonates.
2.Solubilizing lignite.
3.Limiting corrosion.
4.Removing soluble ions.
5.Treatment of other contaminants.
Secondary Function: To provide additional soluble potassium in potassium systems or where potassium ions are preferred as a shale inhibitor.
Limitations: Same as caustic soda.
Treatment: as needed to control pH. Takes more KOH to provide a given pH compared to NaOH.
SODA ASH
Composition: Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)
Primary Function: To remove soluble calcium from the mud. Secondary Function: May use to treat small amounts of cement contamination. Also may be used as a completion fluid. (rare)
Limitations: Over treatment (treating out all the calcium) may cause a carbonate problem. Solubility is suppressed at high pH. Treating large amounts of cement will result in high pH values and is not recommended. Soda Ash is not effective for treating hardness from soluble magnesium. if adding using chemical barrel do not mix with caustic soda. Use proper PPE.
Treatment: Ranges: 0.1-0.5 ppb
SODIUM BICARBONATE
Composition: Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
Primary Function: Treating cement contaminated muds.
Secondary Function: None.
Limitations: Over treatment may cause a carbonate problem. Do not use to treat make-up water. Sodium Bicarbonate is soluble.
Treatment: Ranges: 0.1-0.5 ppb is typical. Green cement may require higher concentrations of sodium bicarbonate to be used.