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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What cell type produces IL-1?
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Macrophages
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WHat 2 major cytokines are best known for their antiviral action?
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alpha-interferon
beta-interferon |
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What two members of the complement pathway are anaphylotoxins?
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C3a, C5a
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What oncogene has been associated with Burkitt lymphoma?
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c-myc
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What type of inheritance pattern does G6PD deficiency have?
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X-linked recessive
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Other than aminoglycosides, what other drug can cause hearing damage?
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PDE-5 inhibitors
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What type of leukemia is associated with the prescence of the Philadelphia chromosome?
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CML
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What type of arteritis must be diagnosed early in order to prevent blindness?
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Giant artery arterits (of which temporal artery arteritis is a type)
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What is Eisenmeyer syndrome?
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Reversal of L-R shunt to R-L shunt due to pulmonary syndrome (pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary artery hypertrophy)
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Is dyspnea and orthopnea a result of right-sided or left-sided heat failure?
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left-sided
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What are the organisms usually responsible for subacute bacterial endocarditis?
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Strep viridans
Gram neg bacillus (E. coli) |
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Which ligament connects the dens to the foramen magnum?
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alar ligament
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What type of testicular germ cell tumor and ovarian germ cell tumor have high production of AFP?
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-yolk sac germ cell tumor
-endometrial sinus tumor |
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What are the 3 components of Charcots triad?
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-RUQ pain
-acute onset fever, sepsis -jaundice |
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What is the primary motion of the thoracic spine?
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Rotation
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What cell does IL-1 STIMULATE?
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T-cells
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What type of macromolecule is reliant on folic acid and Vitamin B12 for its synthesis?
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DNA
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Auer rods in myeloblasts is evidence of what myeloproliferative disorder?
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AML
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What type of arterial inflammation is associated with hypersensitivity to tobacco?
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thromboangitis obliterans
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In what plane does flexion occur and about what axis?
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Sagittal plane about transverse axis
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What are the serum Ca+, phosphate, alk phosphatase levels associated with osteomalacia?
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-High alk phosphatase
-low Ca -low phosphate |
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What are the serum Ca+, phosphate, alk phosphatase levels associated with Pagets disease?
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-Very high alk phos
-other normal |
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What is the serum sodium levels in Conn's disease?
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Increased
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What antiviral drug is a guanine analog?
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Acyclovir
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What kind of tumors besisdes those associated with colon carcinoma, does a patient with Turcot's disease aquire?
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CNS
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What 3 cell types do C3a and C5a stimulate to release histamine?
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basophils
mast cells platelets |
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What is the most common cause of meningitis in neonates?
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1. E.coli 2. Strep agalactia 3. listeria
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What are teh two major towxins caused by Colstridium perfringens?
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alpha-toxin
enterotoxin |
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What is the composition of most kidney stones?
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Ca2+
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What type of Coxsackie virus is associated with Hand, foot and mouth disease?
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Coxsackie A
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What classes of antibiotics inhibit translation in bacteria?
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Aminoglycosides
Macrolides Tetracylcines Clindamycin Chloramphericol |
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At what level does the spinal cord end in most people?
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L1 or L2
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How does a pathologically small Ferguson's andle affect the curvature of the lumbar spine?
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It straightens it, gives someone very flat curvature
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What is the term for anterior displacement of one vertebra with respect to the one inferior to it?
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Spondylolisthesis
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What HIV glycoprotein mediates HIV binding to the CD4 receptor?
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gp120 mediates HIV binding to CD4 receptor
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What HIV glycoprotein mediates HIV fusion to the cell?
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gp41 mediates cell fusion
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Drug of choice for leishmaniasis
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Sodium stibogluconate
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What is the most common side effect of cisplatin?
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renal toxicity
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What ribosomal subunit is acted upon by tetracylines and aminogycosides?
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30s
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What ribosomal subunit is acted upon by chloramphenicol and macrolides?
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50s
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What is the DOC for an acute attack of gout?
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Colchine
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What nerve roots contribute to the lumbar plexus?
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T12-L4
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What nerve roots contribute to the sacral plexus?
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L4-L5, S1-S3 and portion S4
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What primary enzyme in the glycolytic pathway is inhibited by ATP and citrate, but activated by AMP and fructose 2,6-diphosphate?
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phosphofructokinase-1
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What effect does phosphorylation have on hormone sensitive lipase?
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activates it
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In the male peripheral metabolism, to what two types of molecules is testosterone converted?
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DHT
estrogens |
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In the granulosa cells of the ovary, to what two molecules is androstenedione directly converted?
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estrone
testosterone |
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Does the corpus luteum make estrogen?
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No
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In 17-alpha hydroxylase deficiency, what major adrenal gland hormone is made abundantly and what hormones are lacking?
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Aldosterone
cortisol, testerone |
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In 21-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, what two major adrenal gland hormones are not made in sufficient quantities?
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aldosterone
cortisol |
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What two major adrenal gland hormones are not produced sufficiently in 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency?
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aldosterone
cortisol |
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What electrolyte disturbance are seen with thiazide use?
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hypokalemia
hypercalcemia hyperuremia increase glucose levels |
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What is the major DNA polymerase in prokaryotes?
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Polymerase III
-replicates both parental strands -has proofreading ability and exonuclease activity |
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What type of polymerase produces the leading strand in eukaryotic DNA replication?
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-delta-polymerase produces leading strand and has helicase activity
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From what pharyngeal pouches are the thymus and inferior parathyroids derived?
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3rd phayrngeal pouch
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Where are cervical cysts located?
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Anterolateral part of the neck
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What structures pass through the foramen ovale?
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CN V3, accessory meningeal a
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What structures pass through the foramen spinosum?
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middle meningeal a
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What structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?
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CN III, IV, VI
sympathetic nerves opthalmic veins |
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What one laryngeal muscle is not innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
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Cricothyroid-->superior laryngeal nerve
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What nerve root supplies the musculocutaneous nerve?
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C5-C6
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What type of glomerular disease is marked by crescent formation?
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Rapidly Progressive Glomerular Nephritis
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What is the main motion of the OA?
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F/E
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What is the main motion of the AA?
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rotation
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What is the main motion of the upper cervicals?
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rotation
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What is teh primary innervation of the hamstrings?
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sciatic n
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What is the primary innervation of the quadriceps femoris?
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femoral n
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Name the layers of the spermatic cord from most superficial to deepest.
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superficial fascia-->dartos m.
external spermatic fascia-->ext. oblique aponeurosis cremaster m and fascia-->int. oblique aponeurosis internal spermatic fascia-->fascia transversalis loose connective tissue-->arteries, pampiniform plexus |
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Describe Broca's aphasia.
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nonfluent speech, good comprehension
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Describe Wernicke's aphasia
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fluent but nonsensical speech, poor comprehension
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What part of the basal ganglion is the site of copper accumulation in Wilson's disease?
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lentiform nucleus
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What sensory input DOESNT the thalamus receive?
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olfactory
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What occurs to the body if the corticospinal tract is damaged?
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Contralateral body spastic paralysis
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What gene is responsible for producing gp 41 and gp120 in HIV?
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env
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What gene is responsible for producing p24?
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gag
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What gene is responsible for producing reverse transciptase?
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pol
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What is p24?
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Core capsid protein and serum marker
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What is the normal carrying angle of the female?
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10-12 degrees
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What group of muscles is strained in tennis elbow?
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extensors
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Why is thromboxane a pro-coagulant?
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Induces platelet stickiness
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MOA of TPA
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Activates plasminogen, but only activates plasmin that is already bound to fibrin.
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MOA of Class I antiarrythmics.
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Sodium channel blockers
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MOA of class I antiarrythmics.
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Beta-blockers
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MOA of class III antiarrythmics.
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Potassium channel blockers
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MOA of class IV antiarrythmics.
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Calcium channel blockers
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What is the formula for elasticity?
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change in pressure/change in volume
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What type of nerve fiber innervates skeletal muscles?
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Aalpha-->large diameter, high velocity
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What types of nerve fiber is involved with afferent innervtion of the muscle spindles?
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Aalpha
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What type of nerve fiber is involved with efferent innvervation of the muscle spindles?
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Agamma
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Pressure touch receptors
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Merkel cells
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Touch touch receptors
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Meissner's corpuscles
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Pain and temperature receptors
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free nerve endings
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Vibration receptors
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Pacinian corpuscle
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What role does the right vagus have?
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Controls sinus node and frequency
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What role does the left vagus have?
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Controls AV node and conduction
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What does calcium bind to intracellularly in smooth muscle?
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calmodulin
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What does the a wave represent in assessing cardiac pressures?
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filling (atrial contraction)
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What metabolic processes does niacin prevent in adipocytes?
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lipolysis
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Main secretory product of chief cell
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pepsinogen
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Main secretory product of parietal cell
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HCl, IF
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Main secretory product of mucus cell.
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Mucus
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What 3 effects does insulin secretion have on the liver?
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increases glycogen synthesis
decreases gluconeogenesis increases lipogenesis |
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What cell is stimulated by IL-4 and IL-5?
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B cells
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MOA of dipyridamole
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-Antiplatelet PDE inhibitor
-Inhibits thromboxane A2 -vasodilates healthy parts of the heart |
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WHat type of epilepsy is marked by a 3/sec spike and domes on EEG during the attack?
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petit mal
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What type of error results in rejection of the null hypothesis even though the null hypothesis is true?
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Type I error
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Causes for hypotonic dehydration
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diarrhea and vomiting
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Causes for hypertonic dehydration.
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Sweating, diabetes insipidus
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What neurotransmitters do TCA antidepressants block the reuptake of?
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NE and serotonin
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