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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are these?
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wing muscles
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what's found in the thorax?
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what is this?
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what is hive bee work?
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what is field bee work?
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*growth stages of larvae
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what are the 3 developmental stages that take place w/in capped cell?
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egg
larva pupa |
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time spent in each stage? (days)
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the queen develops in which plane?
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vertically
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who's the queen/drone/worker?
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A: queen
B: Drone C: Worker |
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who's egg is fertilized? what are they fed as larva?
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what does a bee use to for sensory?
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body hairs
antenna compound eyes |
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what is this?
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antenna
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What is inside a bee's protective head capsule?
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brains/muscles/glands
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what are those?
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wing hooks
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what's in the abdomen?
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also the digestive tract and excretory systems
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what is this?
where in the bee is this located? |
digestive/excretory systems
located in abdomen |
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What is this?
What liquid is in action here? What does it do? |
the liquid circulatory system
Bees, like all insects, don't actually have blood. They have a fluid called "hemolymph". The insect's organs literally float in the viscous hemolymph liquid. The liquid is circulated inside the insect's shell by a very primitive heart-like muscle. The hemolymph itself doesn't need to carry much oxygen. hemolymph can be clear, yellow, green, pink, or even blue depending upon the nutrients and cells it transports. The primary purpose of hemolymph is to carry the nutrients extracted in the stomach to the insects organs. |
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what is this?
what does a bee breath through, how does it get oxygen? |
air circulatory system
spiracles: tracheal tubes located around its abdomen which feed oxygen directly to the organs. |
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what is this?
who does it belong to? |
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what is being pointed out?
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glandular system (exocrine)
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what is the honey bee's taxonomic classification?
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what is the codex definition of honey?
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how is honey made?
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what is honey's chemical equation/formula?
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how are two ways water evaporates from the honey?
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actively: bee's fan their wings
passively: just over time |
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what is the proper water content of harvested honey?
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no more than 18%
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how many flowers must honey bee's tap to make one pound of honey?
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2 million
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how much honey does an average honey bee worker make in it's life time?
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1/12 of a teaspoon
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how far does a hive of bees fly to make one lbl of honey?
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55,000 miles
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how many flowers does one honey bee visit on a collection trip?
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50-100
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how is honey different from sugar?
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what are products from bees?
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honey (extracted, or section cut)
wax pollen royal jelly propolis bee brood (to eat) bee venom service of pollination mead (you can also sell supplies like supers to bee keepers) |
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what is the per capita consumption of honey?
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1.3 lbs
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what are uses for beeswax?
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what are uses of pollen?
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where does royal jelly come from?
who gets fed royal jelly? where is it stored? what is it made of? |
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what is propolis?
what is it used for? |
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how many grams of propolis do bees produce per year?
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10-300
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top bar hive Vs. langstroth hive
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what is a pest?
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what effects pest populations?
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what does IPM stand for?
what is it? |
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what are some pest management practices?
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what is this?
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aka: varroa mite
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what is this?
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varroa mite
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what is the life cycle of the varroa mite?
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how global is the varroa mite?
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how can you test for varroa mite populations?
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what is an economic threshold?
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density of a pest at which a control treatment will provide an economic return.
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what are pros/cons of sticky traps/sugar rolls/and drone brood capping?
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what is a cultural control of varroa mites?
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resistant bee stock
-hygienic queens (SMR / VSH):The reproduction of mites triggers their removal by the bees. -russian stock |
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what are physical controls of varroa mites?
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what's a biological control of varroa mites?
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fungus
Metarhizium anisopliae |
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what is a chemical control for varroa mites?
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Plastic strips w/ miticide
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how do hygienic bee's control varroa mites?
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Hygienic bees detect, uncap and remove sealed, 5th instar larvae that are infected with a pathogen [or pest] and avoid further disease transmission through the colony.
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how do you assess Hygiene Behavior in bees?
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1.A plastic or metal cylinder is pushed into the comb over newly capped brood.
2.Pour in the liquid N2 and allow it to evaporate 3.Monitor the rate at which the bees clean out the dead larvae 4.Quicker is better |
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what is the life cycle of the tracheal mite?
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how can you check for tracheal mites?
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Tracheal mites:
Dissection of the thoracic trachea to confirm tracheal mite infestation |
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what is this showing?
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a tracheal mite infestation
Trachea from healthy workers should be white with a silvery reflection. The ones here are infected with tracheal mites (Acarapis woodi) and have become brownish or black due to the scar tissue from mite feeding. |
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what are mites that infest honey bees?
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Varroa mites (Varroa destructor)
Tracheal mites (Acarapis woodi) |
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how do tracheal mites affect bees?
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Too many mites blocks the airway and workers become physically weaker and die earlier compared to healthy bees.
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what is tracheal mite control?
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Tracheal Mite Control
Menthol (fumigant) Formic acid gel packs Grease patties Miticides (acaricides_ Resistant stock |
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what are bee brood diseases?
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Bacterial pathogens
– AFB (American foul brood) + EFB (European foul brood) Fungal pathogens – Chalkbrood Viral pathogens – Sacbrood |
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what is AFB?
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American Foul Brood
– caused by Paenibacillus larvae; is indicated by the spotty brood pattern and sunken cappings with holes. Brood killed by AFB can be recognized by the pupal tongue which points upward. |
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what is the "ropey test"
what does it check for? |
This tests for AFB
The “goo” left by AFB-killed larvae can be drawn to form a "rope". EFB-killed larvae do not form rope easily. |
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What makes America foul brood so dangerous?
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The dead larvae dehydrate and become "scales" which are difficult for bees to remove, and contain millions of spores which remain infective for many years (decades
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how do you treat American foul brood?
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-Terramycin (oxytetracycline) – treatment, but does not kill spores.
-Fire has historically been the way to deal with AFB. -Irradiation is available in some areas now. |
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what diseases are these?
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what is EFB?
how does it differ from AFB? |
European foul brood (EFB)
-These larvae die earlier than those of AFB, while the larvae are still coiled (AFB larvae die in straight, upright position) and show yellow streaks first, which then turn brown. -Caused by a bacterium Melissococcus pluton |
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what is chalkbrood?
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larvae becomes moldy then hardened to be similar to pieces of white chalk.
-Caused by a fungus (Ascosphaera apis) -considered a "stress" disease, only occurring in weak, or in otherwise stressed colonies (not enough workers, sudden cold spell in spring etc). |
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what are adult bee diseases?
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Nosema spp. Protozoan pathogen N. apis N. ceranae |
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how do you prevent wax moths?
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Strong colonies
Fumigate stored drawn comb Freeze CO 2 fumigation Open stacking Heat Natural enemies – Virus – Braconid wasp, Apanteles spp. |
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what is this?
why is it important to manage? |
-Larvae tunnel through comb with stored honey or pollen, damaging or destroying cappings and comb. -Larvae defecate in honey and the honey becomes discolored from the feces.
-Activity of the larvae causes fermentation and a frothiness in the honey; the honey develops a characteristic odor of decaying oranges. -Damage and fermentation cause honey to run out of combs, creating a mess in hives or extracting rooms. -Heavy infestations cause bees to abscond; some beekeepers have reported the rapid collapse of even strong colonies. |
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how do you manage the small hive beetle?
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-Monitoring
– Hive examination – Trapping – Strong colonies – Treatment of soil with insecticide (to kill pupae leaving colony to burrow in soil) |
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what causes colony collapse disorder?
what are the symptoms? |
Symptoms – adult bees disappear
First documented in late 2006 Cause(s) – under investigation – pathogens, environmental toxins, poor nutrition, inbreeding, cell phones…? |
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what's the queen's role?
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Mother of all members of the colony
• Repository of all heritable characteristics of the colony – Within her ovaries – Within sperm from drones she has mated with • Controls the sex of her offspring • Produces queen substance |
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what are the average days for development?
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what is a virgin queen's first acts?
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- 1st day kills other queens; Destroys sealed queen cells
- 3 to 5 days after emergence, queen makes several orientation flights -Takes nuptial flight on the 5th to 14th day after emergence |
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how does a queen bee mate?
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-Queen passes through drone congregation area
• Drones pursue her in the shape of a comet • Successful drone mounts queen and explosively ejaculates semen into her sting chamber |
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what is this?
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the queen reproductive tract
you fools |
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when does a queen start egg laying?
what does she do with each cell? |
2 to 5 days after mating, queen starts to lay eggs
• Queen inspects cell • Queen measures width of cell with forelegs – Determines whether cell needs fertilized or unfertilized egg • Queen places small end of egg on bottom of cell |
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what's the common egg laying pattern?
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Typically, laying pattern occurs in
concentric circles on both sides of the comb |
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what are queen replacement strategies?
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• Supersedure – failing queen replaced
• Swarming – colony unit reproduced • Emergency Queen Rearing (humans/bees) • Commercial Queen Rearing (humans) |
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what structure is this?
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queen cup
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what structure is this?
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queen cell
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why do bees swarm?
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• Too little queen substance
• Queen lays fertilized egg in cup • Colony rears replacement queens • Queen reduces egg laying/losses weight • Workers reduce activity/increase honey stomach contents |
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how do you prevent swarms?
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• Provision of plenty of room for brood nest
expansion • Adequate nectar storage/honey ripening space • Optimal hive environmental conditions • Sufficient hive ventilation • Young queens |
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which type of bee does each ovarian system correspond to?
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what is happening?
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sexy times
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why is this so terrifying?
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because it's instrumental insemination (aka bee rape)
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what method is this?
what's it for? |
The miller method
specific hive cut to produce maximum queen space |
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it's a hand!
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what's grafting?
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- the process of transferring larva
from the worker cell of the breeder's hive to an artificial queen cell. |
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how does one graft?
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•Day 1
- Give breeder hive an empty dark brood comb to lay eggs in. •Day 4 - Transfer (graft) larva into artificial queen cell cups, from the breeder comb. Place the frame into a strong colony (cell builder) made queenless the day before. •Day 14 - Remove completed cells from cell builder. Leave one cell behind to replace the queen. Keep queen cells warm (80-94 F) until they are placed in queenless hives (mating nucs). •Day 22 - Virgin queens are ready to mate. They require nice weather (69 F), and an abundance of drones to mate with. A few colonies within a mile are adequate for providing drones for mating. •Day 27 - If queens mate without weather delay, they should now be laying eggs. |