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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behavioural ecology |
Study of relationships between an organisms behaviour and the environment in which that behaviour is evolved or expressedbehar |
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Research on behavioural ecology |
Obtaining food Avoiding being eaten Reproduction altruism |
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Altruism |
An organism is said to behave altruistically when it’s behaviour benefits other organisms at a cost to itself |
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Inclusive fitness |
The sum of all of individuals fitness effects on self and others each multiplied by the individuals relatedness Direct fitness Indirect fitness |
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Direct fitness |
By producing its own offspring |
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Indirect fitness |
By providing aid that enables other close relatives who share many of those genes to produce offspring |
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Hamilton’s Rule |
rb > c or -c + rb > 0 |
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Reproductive fitness |
Measurement of the costs and benefits The cost is how many fewer offspring’s the altruist produces Benefit is the average number of offspring’s the beneficiary produces |
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Reproductive fitness |
Measurement of the costs and benefits The cost is how many fewer offspring’s the altruist produces Benefit is the average number of offspring’s the beneficiary produces |
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Coefficient of relatedness (r) |
The proportion of genes shared by two individuals because of their common ancestry |
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Coefficient of inbreeding (F) |
Probability that the two alleles at a given locus are identical by descent |
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Kin selection |
The natural selection that favours altruistic behaviour by enhancing reproductive success of relatives |
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Group selection |
Altruism may be advantageous at group level |
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Group selection |
Altruism may be advantageous at group level |
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Reciprocal altruism |
Explains the cases of altruism among unrelated organisms Such behaviours can be adaptive if the aided individual returns the favour in the future |
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Sexual selection |
Mating behaviour which includes seeking or attracting mates, choosing among potential mates and competing for mates |
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Sexual selection |
Mating behaviour which includes seeking or attracting mates, choosing among potential mates and competing for mates |
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Mating system |
Pattern of mating found in a species Varies from species to species |
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Sexual selection |
Mating behaviour which includes seeking or attracting mates, choosing among potential mates and competing for mates |
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Mating system |
Pattern of mating found in a species Varies from species to species |
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Promiscuity |
Mating system with no pair bound formation Males and females mate randomly Most common Male provides its offspring nothing more than a set of genes |
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Sexual selection |
Mating behaviour which includes seeking or attracting mates, choosing among potential mates and competing for mates |
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Mating system |
Pattern of mating found in a species Varies from species to species |
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Promiscuity |
Mating system with no pair bound formation Males and females mate randomly Most common Male provides its offspring nothing more than a set of genes |
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Monogamy |
Formation of pair bond May last for a single breeding season of whole life Males and females so much alike morphologically that it’s difficult to distinguish Both sexes equally participate in parental care |
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Sexual selection |
Mating behaviour which includes seeking or attracting mates, choosing among potential mates and competing for mates |
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Mating system |
Pattern of mating found in a species Varies from species to species |
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Promiscuity |
Mating system with no pair bound formation Males and females mate randomly Most common Male provides its offspring nothing more than a set of genes |
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Monogamy |
Formation of pair bond May last for a single breeding season of whole life Males and females so much alike morphologically that it’s difficult to distinguish Both sexes equally participate in parental care In birds |
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Polygamous |
Mating system where individuals of one sex mates with several others |
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Polygyny |
One male mates with several females |
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Polygyny |
One male mates with several females |
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Polyandry |
One female mates with several males Rare |
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Intersexual selection (mate choice) |
Members of one sex (usually females) choose mates on the basis of particular characteristics of the other sex |
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Intersexual selection (mate choice) |
Members of one sex (usually females) choose mates on the basis of particular characteristics of the other sex |
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Parental investement |
Energy and time each sex invests in producing and rearing offspring |
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Intersexual selection (mate choice) |
Members of one sex (usually females) choose mates on the basis of particular characteristics of the other sex |
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Parental investement |
Energy and time each sex invests in producing and rearing offspring |
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Direct fitness benefit |
Mate choice by females increases the fitness by getting material (food), protection, increased territory quality or parental care |
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Direct fitness benefit |
Mate choice by females increases the fitness by getting material (food), protection, increased territory quality or parental care |
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Nuptial gifts |
Food materials and rewards for mating Gifts that male animals transfer to females during courtship and mating |
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Theories for female mating behaviour |
Healthy mate theory Good genes theory Runaway selection theory |
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Theories for female mating behaviour |
Healthy mate theory Good genes theory Runaway selection theory |
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Intrasexual selection (mate competition) |
Males are most often the competing sex and females are the choosing sex |
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Sperm competition |
Postcopulatory equivalent of male male competition Females commonly mate with more than one male during a reproductive cycle thus setting the stage for the sperm competition |
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Sperm competition |
Postcopulatory equivalent of male male competition Females commonly mate with more than one male during a reproductive cycle thus setting the stage for the sperm competition |
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Optimal foraging theory |
Addresses behavioural choices that enhance the rate of energy gain Natural selection favours those individuals whose foraging behaviour is as energetically efficient as possible P = E/t |
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Innate behaviour |
Developmentally foxes and need no prior learning experience |
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Innate behaviour |
Developmentally foxes and need no prior learning experience |
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Learned behaviour |
Improving over time based on specific experiences through trial and error |
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Imprinting |
Type of behaviour that includes both learned and innate components Distinguished by other types of learning by having a sensitive period called critical period - a limited developmental phase when certain behaviours can be learned |
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Filial imprinting |
Concerns the development of a social preference of a young animal for it’s parents Typical example is you d duck and geese who cm instantly follow their mother called following response |
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Filial imprinting |
Concerns the development of a social preference of a young animal for it’s parents Typical example is you d duck and geese who cm instantly follow their mother called following response |
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Sexual imprinting |
The process by which young animals learn the characteristics of future mates |
