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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Primary Sex organs in M and F
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Males - Sperm (testes)
Females - Oocyte (ovaries) |
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Scrotum muscles
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Dartos - contracts in cold weather, wrinkled shell
cremastor - controls testicle location 3 degrees celcius lower then body |
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Seminiferous tubules
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found in the lobes created by the tunica albuginea
"sperm factories" |
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Efferent ductule
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receives sperm from the ready testes
seminiferous tubules > tubules rectus > ready testes > efferent ductle > epiddymus |
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pampiniform plexus
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vine like structure surrounding the testicular artery, absorbs heat cooling it before it enters the testes
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spermatic cord
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encloses nerve fibers, along with blood vessels and lymphatics & vas deferens
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interstitial (leydig) cells
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tissue surrounding seminiferous tubules, secretes testosterone
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penis facts
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size 5.81-6.82 = 68% of population
Root/Shaft(body)/glans (head) |
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corpus spongiosum
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mid ventral, surrounds urethra
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corpus cavernosa
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2 sacks form the crua or crust
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Epididymous facts
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consists of head, body, tail, becomes vas deferens
psuedostratified columnar (sterocilia) smooth muscle contracts only during ejaculation sperm storage 1-3 months 20 day swim camp |
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Ductus Deferns (vas deferns) facts
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connected to the epididymus
carries sperm from the testes to the urethra ampulla - enlargement ejaculatory duct - ampulla and seminal vesicle come together here |
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Urethra
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prosthatic, membranous and penile urethra
conducts urine and semen semen enters via ejaculatory duct |
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3 accessory glands
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seminal vesicle X2, prostate X1, Bulbourethral X 2
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seminal vesicle
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X2 accessory glands
-60 % volume of semen -fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulating enzyme, prostaglandin (thins cervical plug, & sperm motility) |
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prostate
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encircles urethra
-30% of semen -slightly acidic -milky -citrate fibrinolysin = liquification, lessens clumping -hyaluronidase = allows sperm to gain access to the oocyte |
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bulbourethral (cowper's gland)
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-preejaculatory fluid, lubicrates
-increases the pH |
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semen composition
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-milky, white, sticky
contains -sperm -accessory gland secretions -relaxin (speeds up sperm), prostaglandin, alkalinity, seminalplasmin (antibacterial) clotting factors, fibrinolysin 2-5 ml produced -100 million sperm |
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Erection
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under parasympathetic control
-nitric oxide causes vasodilation -more visually oriented -corpora cavernosa swell and retain blood -corpora spongiosum swells and maintains urethra patency -spinal reflex |
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ejaculation
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sympathetic control
-contraction of accessory organs & ducts -bladder sphincter contracts (prevents retrograde ejacs & urine) -bulbospongiosus muscle -latent period not able to shoot again |
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spermatoegnesis
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12-14 yrs old (puberty)
200-400 million produced per day sperm produced are haploid spermatogonium change into sperm |
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sustenacular cells
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nourish sperm while they are maturing
aka sertoli cells tight junctions prevent sperm from entering the blood stream |
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total time for sperm production
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64-72 days
+20 for swim camp |
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spermiogenesis
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formation of sperm (part of spermatogenesis)
Head - contains the DNA, helmet (acrosome, enzymes that help to break down the egg for entry) Body - mitochondrial proliferation around the head end, manufactures ATP Tail - whip like flagellum propels sperm forward |
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impotence
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inability to attain an erection
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brain-testicular axis
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GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) - causes release of FSH & LH
LH - leydig cells stimulated to produce testosterone FSH - stimulates sustenacular cells to produce andergen binding protein, which causes sperm to become more sensitive to testosterone and grow faster |
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Inhibin
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released as more sperm are produced, stops the anterior pituitary from releasing FSH
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Testosterone
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heavy exposure in the womb, causes male sex characteristics
-causes spermatogenesis at puberty -secondary sex characteristics -anabolics (bone, muscle, size) -Larynx, facial hair |
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ovaries & formation steps
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oocyte maturation
Primordial Follicle (house for gametes) > Primary Follicle (more then 1 layer of cells, 2 or more = granulosa, fluid) > Secondary Follicle (Lake formation, atrum = 1 big lake) > vesicular follicle (graafian, secretion) > Corpus Luteum (increase hormone levels in prep for pregnancy) > Corpus Albuginea |
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ovarian ligament
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attaches ovaries to the utuerus
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suspensory ligament
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holds ovary superiorily
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mesovarium
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holds the ovary in place
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estrogen
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secondary sex characteristics, LH surge, anabolic
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progesterone
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stimulate production of glycogen into the uterine cavity which helps nourish the fertilized ovum during the implantation process
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uterine (fallopian) tubes
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infundibulum - outstretched palm over the ovaries
-fimbriae = fingerlike stuctures that create a stirring motion bringing fluid into the infundibulum Isthmus - fallopian tube to uterus Ampulla - fallopian tube to the infundibulum/fimbrae |
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histology of uterine tubes
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ciliated (move oocyte) & non ciliated (nourish cells)
transit time = 1 week |
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mesosalpinx mesentary
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holds the fallopian tube together
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uterus
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body - main section
fundus - top part cervix - lower part |
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cervix
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lowest part of the uterus
-internal Os / Cervical canal / external Os mucus plug (blocks bacteria, sperm) |
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Uterus supports (4)
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1) mesometrium
2) lateral cervical/cardinal 3) uterosacral 4) round (labia majora) |
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uterine layers and histology
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perimetrium / myometrium / endometrium (stratum basalis & stratum functionalis)
simple columnar |
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Vagina histology & facts
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layers
-adventitia -muscularis (helps with ejaculation) -mucosa (stratified squamous)/Rugae high glycogen concentration (acidic environment) |
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female external genitalia similarities
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labia minora (small lips no hair) - ventral penis / spongiosum
labia majora (big lips, hair) - scrotum clitoris - glans (penis) |
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mammary glands
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modified sweat glands
suspensory ligaments - natural bra, attaches directly to the thoracic wall for support lobes - divided into smaller LOBULES produce milk |
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follicle
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Primordial > primary > secondary > vesicular
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oocyte
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primary > secondary (fertilized) > OVUM
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ovarian cycle 2 phases
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follicular & luteal - 28 days
Luteal is constant |
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follicular phase
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1-14 days
-primordial follicle becomes primary follicle -primary becomes secondary (2 layers/lakes) -secondary becomes vesicular (giant lake) -ovulation |
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luteal phase
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day 14-28
-corpus luteum forms, progesterone released helping to provide nice environment for fertilization |
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middle schmirz
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middle pain during ovulation
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hormonal interactions with cycle
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GnRH stimulates release of FSH & LH
FSH simulates follicule maturation LH stimulates thecal cells to produce estrogen Estrogen inhibits FSH/LH release and causes build up eventual estrogen with cause LH spike, ovulation , and corpus luteum Rising estrogen and progesterone inhibit FSH and LH |
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3 phases of the menstrual cycle
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menstrual, proliferative, secretory
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menstrual
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days 1-5
shedding tissue GnRH increase (FSH & LH) -vasoconstriction first and then vasodilation which casues the bleeding |
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proliferative
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days 6-14
-new functional layer -thicker endometrium arrives -uterine glands grow, secrete glycogen, energy source for fertilized and implanted egg prior to placenta -progesterone receptors -cervical mucus becomes thinner (for sperm access) |
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secratory
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days 15-28
-progesterone levels increase -endometrium secretes glycogen -mucus plug forms (to keep out bacteria) -LH levels decrease -iif no fertilization corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone decreases and shedding occurs |
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Estrogen
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causes puberty
-starts egg production and maturation -anabolic effect of reproductive organs -secondary sex characteristics (pubic hair, breasts etc) |
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sexual response in females
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spinal reflex, similar to males, erection of nipples, clitoris, vaginal mucosa, vestibular glands
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orgasm
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females
-no refractory period -multiple possible -not needed for fertilization |
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hormones
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chemical messengers that travel throughout the body causing changes. small amount & receptor required
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2 classes of hormones
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Amino acid based
-water soluble Steroid (synthesized from cholesterol) -lipid soluble |
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How do hormones bring about a change?
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-increase premiability of the membrane due to an ion channel
-increase or decrease enzymes -mitosis -stimulate the production of proteins |
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Secondary Messenger System
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-hormones binds to a specific receptor
-G protein is activated -affector chemical (embedded enzyme) activates second messenger typically adenalyte cyclase is the effector and Cyclic AMP is the 2nd messenger |
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lipid soluble gene activation
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-hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane
-binds to receptor chaperonin complex in the nucleus -chaperonin dissasociates from the receptor and the hormone receptor complex binds to a specific sequence on the DNA initiating transcription of the gene -mRNA formed migrates to the cytoplasm where it directs synthesis of the specific protein |
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target cell specificity
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water soluble hormones
-each hormone has a specific receptors |
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up/down regulation
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changing numbers of receptors
need more drugs (down regulation, so receptors are not permanently over stimulated) up regulation if need more stimulation, not as much hormone |
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half life
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rate of degredation is related to the rate of release
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Permissiveness, Synergism, Antagonism
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permissiveness - need another hormone (unreletated) to be effective, estrogen and thyroid hormone
synergism - two hormones multiply effects with each other, epinephrine and glucagon, massive release of glucose from the liver antagonism - one hormone opposes the action of another (parathyroid hormone and calcitonin) |
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three types of endocrine gland stimuli
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1) humoral - endocrine glands secrete hormones in response to changing blood levels
2) nueral - nerve fibers stimulate release (eppie/noreppie adrenal medulla) 3) hormonal - hormones released in response to other hormones |
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Pituitary names
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hypophysis
anterior = adenohypophysis posterior = nuerohypophysis -outgrowth of brain tissue, stores hormones |
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growth hormone
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anterior pituitary
-anabolic (increased size) Gigantism (still growing, excessive GH) Acromegaly (exessive GH after done growing, big hands, face, feet) Dwarfism - low to no GH |
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ACTH
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Adrenocroticotrophic hormone,
-adrenal gland |
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gonadotropins
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LH/FSH
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Thyroid stimulating hormone
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TSH
-stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone |
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Prolactin
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production of milk during pregnancy
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oxytocin
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positive feedback mechanism
-uterine contraction -milk ejection |
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ADH
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(vasopressin)
-H20 Reabsorption -Diabetes insipidous (decreased release of ADH, pee alot) |
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SIADH
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Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic hormone secretion
-no pee at all regardless of osmolality |
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thyroid
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anterior to trachea, highly vascularized, inferior to larynx
-made up of follicle cells -colloid |
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metabolic hormone
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increases the basal metabolic rate
increased heart rate |
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hypothyroidism
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decreased production of thyroid hormones
-myxedma (adults) lethargy, mental sluggishness, puffy face, dry skin, |
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cretinism
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hypothyroidism in utero
-mental retardation -long tongue -short neck |
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hyperthyroidism
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graves disease
-autoimmune disease -women at greater risk -constantly turned on thyroid -atrial fib -fluid behind the eyes leads to bulging |
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calcitonin
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stimulates osteoblasts due to increased calcium
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adrenal cortex
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sits on top of kidneys (cortex outside, medulla inside)
corticosteroids - stimulated by ACTH Mineral corticoids -aldosterone regulating certain ions in blood Na/K, affect amount of H20 reabsorption |
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glucocorticoids
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cortisol
-energy metabolism -maintainance of stress |
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cushing's syndrome
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-redistribution of fat
-buffalo hump -bruising -skin tears -edema |
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Medulla
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epi/noreppie
-fight or flight |
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pancreas
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islets of laangerhans
alpha cells - glucagon beta cells - insulin |
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chromosome count
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23 pairs of homologous chromosomes (46 total)
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Y chromosome
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much smaller then X, tells to make a penis
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Karyotype
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diploid chromosomal complement (colorfull line up)
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alleles
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matched genes at the same locus on homologous chromosomes (eye color etc)
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Pairs
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Homozygous Dominant/Recessive
Heterzygous dominant - masks or supresses the expression of its partner recessive - allele that is masked or supressed |
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Rr & brown eyes
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Rr = genotype
brown eyes = phenotype (what is expressed) |
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3 ways we have genetic variability
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1) independent assortment - the way the sister chromatids line up for division during meiosis
2) crossover, homologous chromosomes synapse in meiosis I exchange peices 3) random selection of egg and sperm combination |
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examples of dominant disorders
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achondroplasia (dwarfism), huntington's disease
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examples of recessive disorders
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albinism, cystic fibrosis, tay sachs
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carriers
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heterozygotes who do not express a trait but can pass it on to their offspring
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incomplete dominance
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heterozygous individuals, have traits from both
(sickle cell anemia, partially bad blood) |
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sex linked inheritance
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the bad X's are never covered so diseases get transferred over
-colorblindness -hemophilia -baldness |