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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Whose responsibility is it to decide how to use information obtained by scientists? |
All Citizens/ Society |
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One unique featured of living things |
The ability to Evolve |
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Haploid Cells |
Have one copy of genetic info |
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Diploid Cells |
Have two copies of genetic info |
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Autotrophs |
Make organics from nonorganics (Ex: plants) |
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Heterotrophs |
Consume organics (Ex: Animals) |
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What do plants have the animals don't on the cellular level? |
Cell Wall & Chloroplasts |
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Lysosomes are used for: |
Cellular digestion (Ex: Waste Disposal) |
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Vacuoles are used for: |
Storing substances (Ex: Storage Warehouse) |
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Ribosomes are used for: |
Protein Synthesis (Ex: Manufacturing plant - of proteins!) |
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Nucleus is used for: |
storage of genetic information & synthesis of DNA and RNA (ex: mayor) |
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Protons have a ___________ charge. Neutrons have a ___________ charge. Electrons have a __________ charge. |
Positive Neutral Negative |
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The number above the C is the _____ which corresponds with the number of _______? |
Atomic Number Protons |
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The number below the C indicates ________ and is measured by _____________? |
Atomic Weight Electrons + Protons |
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Electrons are located on the _____________ of an atom. |
Outer Shell |
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Ionic Bonds |
Electrons are transferred |
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Covalent Bonds |
Electrons are shared |
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What are the unique properties of water? |
1. High heat capacity 2. High heat vaporization 3. Solvent 4. Cohesive & Adhesive 5. High surface Tension 6. Solid less dense than liquid |
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What makes one element different from another? |
Number of Protons |
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Name the six elements of life. |
Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Sulfur, Phosphorous, Nitrogen |
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An organic molecule contains which two atoms? |
Carbon & Hydrogen |
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What are the four categories of biomolecules? |
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Lipids |
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Organize the following from smallest to largest: Monomer, Atom, electron, molecule, polymer. |
Electron, Atom, Molecule, Monomer, Polymer |
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Hydrolysis combines molecules by adding a _________. |
Hydrogen atom |
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Polar bonds share electrons ___________ and are ________. |
Unevenly; Assymetric |
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What is the difference between glycogen and glucose? |
Glycogen is a polymer of glucose |
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Why are some people lactose intolerant? |
They lack the lactase enzyme. |
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Whats the difference between glycogen/starch and cellulose/chitin? |
Glycogen/ Starch are for long term energy storage by cellulose/chitin have a structural role. |
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Why store glucose as a branched polysaccharide as opposed to a single line? |
Enzymes break down polysaccharides from the ends. When a polysaccharide is branched, it has more ends allowing the enzymes to break it down quicker and more efficiently. |
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Explain the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules. |
Hydrophobic molecules tend to be nonpolar (lipids) while hydrophilic molecules are typically polar and capable to hydrogen bonding. |
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What determines the uniqueness of one protein? |
R-group |
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All amino acids contain ___________. |
Nitrogen |
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Name some proteins and what they do. |
Enzymes: speed up chemical reactions Collagen/Keratin: lends support to ligaments/tendons/etc. Hemoglobin: transports O2 and CO2 Cell Membrane channels/ pumps |
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What determines the properties/ function of any particular protein? |
The shape |
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What is denaturing? |
Denaturing is unraveling the proteins and is done through a chemical reaction such as cooking with lemon juice or heat. |
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What is the difference between glucagon and glycogen? |
Glycogen is a polymer of glucose while glucagon is released when blood sugar levels are low. |
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What does insulin do? |
Inhibit the release of glucose. |
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Explain the difference between osmosis, diffusion, and active transport. |
Osmosis is the movement of water, diffusion is movement of a substance from high to low concentration, and active transport uses pumps. |
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Describe an example of a when your body uses active transport. |
Sodium can't diffuse so it uses a sodium pump to enter the cell membrane. |
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What is the function of DNA? |
To store genetic information |
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What monomer is used to build nucleic acids? |
nucleotides |
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What are the four monomers of DNA? |
Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine |
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What are the three parts of each monomer? |
Phosphate, pentose sugar, Nitrogen base |
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What makes RNA different from DNA? |
Nucleotides in RNA contain sugar ribose and thymine is replaced with Uracil |
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What two nucleotides are purines? |
Guanine and Thymine |
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What two nucleotides are pyrimidines? |
Cytosine and Adenine |
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What did Chargraffs experiment uncover? |
That percentages of Adenine were equal to Thymine and the same with Cytosine and Guanine. |
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What is the name for the pieces of DNA that comprise a genome? |
Gene |
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What is a gene? |
A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein |
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What are the three types of RNA? |
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) messenger RNA (mRNA) |
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What biomolecules are ribosomes made of? |
Proteins and rRNA |
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What is a transgenic organism? |
One that has been genetically modified. |
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Considering that all cells contain the same DNA, what determines what type of a cell a cell will be? |
The number of genes of a certain program determines the type of cell. |
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Asexual reproduction happens through ___________. |
Binary fission |
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Sexual reproduction is important because it results in _________. |
diversity |
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What was Aristotle's theory of life? |
Spontaenous generation |
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How did Redi test spontaenous generation? |
flies, rotting meat, and a cloth |
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Darwin said that ___________. |
life came from life AKA evolution
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What are the six elements of life? |
Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Sulfur, Nitrogen, Phosphorous |
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What is an isotope? |
An isotope is a variation in the number of neutrons |
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Where are protons and neutrons located? |
In the nucleus of the atom. |
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What is electronegativity? |
EN is the propensity of a molecule to "steal" electrons and nitrogen and oxygen are the most EN |
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Polar covalent bonds result in _________. |
the unequal sharing of electrons and are slightly + and slightly -. |
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Hydrogen bonds are _________. |
weak and temporary attraction between polar molecules |
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What are the monomers of carbohydrates? |
monosaccharides |
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Carbohydrates are made of __________ and __________. |
Carbon and hydrogen |
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glucose + glucose = maltose |
c6h12o6 + c6h12o6-h20=c12h22o11 |
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Name two functions of polysaccharides. |
Long term energy storage and structural. |
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What makes glycogen and cellulose different? |
shape. Up down Up down shape results in structural. |
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How do proteins get tangled? |
opposites attract, therefore hydrophobic pieces go towards the center and hydrophilic pieces go towards the outside towards water |
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What is DNA? |
It is a program that determines physical traits, makes everything (ex: proteins), and can be copied
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What makes nucleotides different? |
The base (A,C,G,T, or U) |
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DNA is broken into 23 parts called ___________. |
chromosones |
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What did Watson and Crick discover? |
They discovered the pairings A-T and C-G and found that it created a double helix. |
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The two strands of DNA run _________. |
Anti-parallel. One end starts with 3' and the other starts with 5' |
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What is Uracil bad at preserving information? |
It doesn't solely pair to Adenine and sometimes pairs to guanine, so it's unreliable. It is also delicate and falls apart easily |
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What is a hormone? |
It is a messenger molecule created in one part of the body that is used in a different part. |
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Where is insulin produced? Where is it used? What does it do? |
The pancreas Liver & muscles Tells liver to turn glucose in glycogen |
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Where is glucagon produced? Where is it used? |
Pancreas Liver ONLY Tells liver to convert glycogen into glucose. |
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Adrenaline is a _____________. What does it do? |
Neuotransmitter that travels through the blood to muscle. It signals muscle to turn glucose in glycogen. |
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Type I diabetics produce no ___________. |
Insulin |
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Type II diabetics become _________________. |
Insensitive to insulin. |
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What are the three types of lipids? |
triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol. |
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Triglycerides consist of __________. |
3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol. |
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Whats the difference between fats and oils? |
Fats are saturated, oils are unsaturated. |
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What does it mean to saturated? |
Saturated lipids are straight and have a full set of hydrogen bonds. |
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What does it mean to be unsaturated? |
Unsaturated lipids have a double carbon bond instead of a hydrogen bond and are "kinky". Polyunsaturated means having a lot of double carbon bonds. |
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Which stores more energy: lipids or carbs? Which is easier to access? |
Lipids have twice as many H-C bonds, however are slower and harder to break down, therefore we mainly use carbs for energy. |
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How do you make a trans fat? |
Trans fats are made in a laboratory by adding an H molecule to an unsaturated lipid. They are UNHEALTHY. |
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Phospholipids consist of ___________. |
Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. |
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What important feature do phospholipids make? |
phospholipid bilayer |
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What is found in the phospholipid bilayer besides phospholipids? |
Proteins (channels and pumps) and cholesterol. |
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You can identify cholesterol by its ________. |
Four rings |
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What four things does cholesterol make? |
Vitamin D, sex steroids, corticosteroids, bile |
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Too much cholesterol results in _________. |
Plaque build up in the arteries |
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How do you test cholesterol levels? |
By measuring HDL and LDL |
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What does HDL stand for? What does it do? |
High density lipoprotein. Moves lipids to the liver. |
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What does LDL stand for? What does it do? |
Low density lipoprotein. Moves lipids away from liver. |
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A healthy level of cholesterol is indicated by __________. |
Lots of HDL and a small amount of LDL. |
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Lots of plaque in the arteries results in __________. |
High blood pressure |
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This structure is ______________. |
cholesterol |
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This structure is a _____________. |
Nucleic Acid |
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This structure is a ______________. |
Protein |
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This structure is a ___________. |
Carbohydrate |
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This structure is a ______________. |
Phospholipid |
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Define a Dependent variable. |
A dependent variable is one that is observed and measured. |
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Define Independent Variable |
An independent variable is the variable that is intentionally changed. |
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Define confounding variable. |
A confounding variable is a variable that could effect the outcome of the experiment. It is not controlled. |
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Define controlled variable. |
Controlled variables are factors that could effect the outcome of the experiment that are controlled. |
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How does a proton pump inhibitor work? |
A proton pump inhibitor stops allowed H+ into the stomach which lowers the amount of acid.
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Intergenic regions are located where? |
Between genes |
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DNA replication uses which three products? |
Helicase, DNA polymerase, and Ligase |
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What does helicase do? |
Helicase seperates the two strands of DNA. |
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What does DNA polymerase do? |
DNA polymerase creates the complementary strand of DNA |
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What does ligase do? |
Ligase fuses the copy strands together. |
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Mitosis is a type of _____________ reproduction. |
asexual |
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DNA is replicated in sections called ____________. |
Replication bubbles |
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How does transcription happen? |
Transcription use RNA polymerase to create mRNA complementary to the DNA strand. |
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How does translation happen? |
Translation happens when the ribosome decodes the mRNA and connects the corresponding amino acids to become proteins. |
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Which occurs first: translation or transcription? |
Transcription |
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What type of RNA decodes the mRNA? |
tRNA |
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How many letters at a time does the ribosome read? |
3 |
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This structure is a ____________. |
Triglyceride |
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Meiosis is a type of ___________ reproduction. |
sexual |
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Meiosis results in a __________ cell. |
Haploid |
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Mitosis results in a ___________ cell. |
Diploid c |
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A single strand of DNA is held together by what type of bond? |
Covalent |
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The two strands of DNA are held together by what type of bond? |
Hydrogen |
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Somatic cells are what type of cells? |
diploid |
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Germ cells (AKA gametes) are what type of cells? |
haploid |
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Darwins theory is also called the __________ theory. |
germ |
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Why is water liquid? |
Water is liquid because the bonds move and connect to one another because they are polar and opposites attract. nonpolar molecules have no attraction and can't connect. |
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Monosaccharides are good for what type of energy? |
Short term energy |
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glucose + fructose = ? |
sucrose |
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glucose + galactose = ? |
lactose |
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Insoluble fibers cannot be _______. |
Digested; enzymes cannot break them down. |
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Proteins are useful for what two functions? |
Transportation and Structural |
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Why is it advantageous to make proteins from mRNA? |
It is advantageous because you can make multiple copies at once |
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mRNA contains: |
Instructions on making proteins. |
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