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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Four Types of Biological Molecules |
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids |
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Protein Monomer componets |
Hundreds of amino acids |
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Nucleic Acid Monomer components |
Nucleotide monomers |
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Carbohydrates Monomer components |
Saccharide's or as polymers of saccharides |
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Peptide |
Two or more amino acids Covalently linked |
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Polypeptide |
Chain of many acids joined by peptide bonds |
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R Group |
Abbreviation of any group in which carbon or hydrogen atoms are attached |
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What types of bonds hold amino acids together |
Peptide bonds |
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Four levels of protein structue |
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary |
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DNA Structure |
Double Helix; Sugar, Phosphate, and bases, bonded together by hydrogen |
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3 Components of a(n) Nucleotide |
Deoxyribose (sugar), 1 Phosphate, and one of the four bases (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine) |
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Four Bases found in DNA |
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine |
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Four bases of RNA |
Thymine is replaced by Uracil. Adenine and guanine are known as purines and cytosine and thymine are known as pyrimidines |
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Sugar in DNA & RNA |
DNA- Deoxyribose RNA- Ribose |
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Why are cells so small? |
Surface area to the volume ratio |
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2 types of microscopes discussed in class |
Electron And Light Microscope |
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6 types of cell proteins |
Channel, Transport, Cell Recognition, Receptor, Enzymatic, and Junction |
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Cell Theory |
Scientific theory which describes the properties of the cell |
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Prokaryotic Cells |
Lack a membrane-bounded nucleus |
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Eukaryotic Cells |
Has a nucleus that houses its DNA |
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Three types of Cell Junctions |
Adherens, Gap, and Tight |
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Plasmodesmata |
are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them. |
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Cell Membrane |
Semi permeable surrounding the cytoplasm of the cell |
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Ribosomes |
are ancient molecular machines that are responsible for production of protein in all living cells. |
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Do plant cells have mirochondria |
Yes both animal and plant cells have a mitochondria |
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Mitochondria function |
To perform cellular respiration |
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Entropy |
Relative amount of disorganization |
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Where is energy stored at in ATP |
Energy phosphate bond joining the terminal phosphate group |
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First Law |
Conversions of energy- energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can change form |
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Second Law |
Energy cannot be changed in form without a loss or usable energy (heat is the least usable form) |
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Enzymes |
A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring bout a specific biochemical reaction (Protein) |
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Activation Energy |
Energy needed to cause molecules to react with one another |
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Substrate |
A substance or layer that underlines something, or on which some process occurs, in particular. |
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Active Site |
Region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction |
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Induced Fit |
When an enzyme binds to the appropriate substrate, subtle changes in the active site occur |
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Metabolic Pathway |
Series of linked reactions |
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What happens when a metabolic pathway is interrupted? |
Product of a one reaction becomes the reactant or the next selection |
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Diffusion |
Process by which molecules intermingle as a result of their kinetic energy of random motion |
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Osmosis |
Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane |
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Bulk Transport |
Movement independent of gradients, energy required |
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Active Transport |
Substances move from lower to higher concentration, energy required |
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Passive Transport |
Substances move from higher to lower concentration, no energy required |
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How many autosomes are found in the human cell |
22 |
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How many sex chromosomes are found in the human cell |
pairs of 23 |
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Cell Cycle |
Mitosis and Cytokinesis occur, DNA replication occurs a chromosomes, Growth occurs as cell prepares to divide |
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Steps of interphase |
G1, S (DNA synthesis), G2 |
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What phase are chromosomes visible? |
Phases of Mitosis |
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Nerve cell; not dividing again |
G0 |
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Stages of Mitosis |
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase |
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Centromere |
Part of a chromosome that inks sister chromatids or a dyad |
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Chromosome number during mitosis |
remains the same, so 46 |
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Role of a tumor suppressor gene |
code for proteins that inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis |
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Role of a protooncogene |
code for proteins that promote the cell cycle and inhibit apoptosis |
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Cell Plates |
A plate that develops at the midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell and that then forms the wall between the two daughter cells |
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Cancer Cell |
A disease of the cell cycle in which cellular reproduction occurs repeatedly without end |
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Sister Chromatids |
Refers to either of the two identical copies formed by replication of a single chromosome |
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How are sister chromatids related |
They are indentical |
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Apoptosis |
Programmed cell death Cell fragments engulfed by white blood cells Normal part of growth and deveopment |
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Alleles |
Different forms of the same gene |
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Haploid Cells |
Only contain one complete set of chromosomes most common are gametes - sex cells Used in sexual reproduction |
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Diploid Cells |
Two cells of chromosomes Every cell other than sex uses mitosis somatic (Non-sex) |
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Anaphase of meiosis 1 vs meiosis 2 |
1- Homoogous separate, and dynads move to poles 2 - Sister chromatids separate, becoming daughter chromosomes that move to poles |
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When does crossing over occur |
When a tetrad forms during synaphis, the nonsister chromosomes exchange genetic materials crossing over |
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Accomplished by Meiosis |
1.) Reducing chromosome # 2.) Shuffling chromosomes and genes to produce genetically different gametes, called sperm and eggs |